Trade cooperation of Сanada with Latin American countries in the context of north american integration

The article examines the trade and economic relations of Latin American countries with individual non-regional partners represented by Japan, South Korea, India and Turkey. The main focus is on the evolution of the foreign economic relations of these countries with the Latin American region and the efforts of the governments of these states to develop them. The main features and trends of bilateral economic cooperation are revealed. The main indicators of trade and economic interaction of the studied countries with the Latin American region are given. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation with the conclusion of bilateral trade agreements. There is a clear desire on the part of Turkey to develop a dialogue with Latin American countries in the field of military-technical cooperation. A comparative analysis of the level and content of foreign economic relations with Latin America of the mentioned countries and Russia is carried out. It is concluded that recently there has been a noticeable intensification of trade and economic cooperation between Latin America and Japan, South Korea, India and Turkey, which creates certain challenges for the Russian Federation in terms of increasing the supply of export products to the region. In conclusion, a number of recommendations are formulated to increase the pace of cooperation between Russia and Latin-American countries in the context of increasing competition in the region from other states.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of corruption on economic growth, human development and natural resources in Latin American and Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing the hierarchical prior of Gelman et al. (2003), a Bayesian panel Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model is estimated. In addition, two alternative approaches are considered, namely, a panel error correction VAR model and an asymmetric panel VAR model.FindingsThe results reveal some relevant contrasts: (1) in Latin America there is support for the sand the wheels hypothesis in Bolivia and Chile, support for the grease the wheels hypothesis in Colombia and no significant impact of corruption on growth in Brazil and Peru, while in Nordic countries the response of growth to shocks in corruption is negative in all cases; (2) corruption negatively affects human development in all countries from both regions; (3) corruption tends to spur natural resources sector in Latin American countries, while it is detrimental for natural resources sector in Nordic countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe panel VAR approach uses recursive scheme identification. The authors have analyzed robustness using alternative ordering of the variables. The authors also have followed two alternatives suggested by the Referee: a panel error correction VAR model and a panel asymmetric VAR model. However, another more sophisticated identification scheme could be used. Also other variables could be introduced in the VAR model.Practical implicationsRegardless of the issue of the “grease” vs the “sand the wheels” debate, corruption should be reduced because it is anyway harmful for human development. The differences in the results for Latin American and Nordic countries show that the effects of corruption have to be assessed considering the different institutional and economic conditions of the countries analyzed.Social implicationsGovernments should seek to reduce corruption because, despite corruption can have mixed effects on economic growth in some contexts, it is anyway harmful for human development. Besides, the finding that in some Latin American countries more activity in the extractive industries is generated by means of corruption confirm the association between corruption and extractivism found by Gudynas (2017) and can explain why there are issues of environmental damage and social conflict linked to natural resources in those countries.Originality/valueThe present study contributes to the literature by presenting evidence on the effects of corruption on growth, human development and natural resources sector in Latin American and Nordic countries. It is the first study on economics of corruption which directly compares Latin American and Nordic countries. This is relevant because there are important differences between both regions since Latin American countries tend to suffer from widespread corruption, while the Nordic ones have a high level of transparency. It is also the first in using a Bayesian panel VAR approach in order to evaluate the effects of corruption.

LATIN AMERICAN DEBT: WHAT KIND OF CRISIS? Barbara Stailings J.hird World debt is widely regarded as one of the principal problems facing the world economy today. The total volume of the debt is now around $600 billion, up from only $100 billion a decade ago.1 About two thirds ofit is owed to the private banks, which typically make loans on the basis of a floating interest rate. The combination of rapidly growing debt and floating rates means that borrowing countries have been paying increasingly large percentages of their export revenues for debt service. For a substantial number, the burden has proved too heavy, and reschedulings have been sought. Although the "scare scenario" that predicts defaults leading to the imminent collapse of the international financial system is clearly exaggerated, serious problems do exist. Some concern the safety of the banking system. Others center on the adverse consequences for world growth if the import capacity of Third World countries is sharply curtailed. Finally, political and economic crises threaten to engulf the Third World itself if external finance is restricted too much, leading to economic depression in those countries. Looking beyond superficial generalities, it is clear that the so-called Third World debt problem is essentially a Latin American problem. About half of all Third World debt is owed by Latin American countries; 1 . There is substantial variation on estimates for total Third World debt, ranging at least between $500 and $700 billion. These figures come from OECD, External Debt ofDeveloping Countries (Paris: OECD, 1982). Barbara Stallings is associate professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. She has published various articles on international finance and on the International Monetary Fund and is currently completing a book entitled Latin America and the U.S. Capital Markets, 1900-1980. 27 28 SAIS REVIEW the percentage ofprivate bank debt is an even higher—60 percent.2 Also, nearly all the Third World countries with payments problems are found in Latin America. Every major Latin American borrower except Colombia has recently renegotiated its debt or is in the process of doing so. A glance at the figures on debt service shows why: Eight Latin American countries have service payments that exceed their total export revenues.3 It is possible to be even more specific, however, since a small number of Latin American countries can be identified as the real focus of the problem. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Together they account for 36 percent of total Third World debt and 45 percent of bank debt.4 An illustration of their importance is the recent estimate of William R. Cline that, if they failed to pay interest on their debts for a single year, the capital of the nine largest U.S. banks would be cut by one third, thus raising the cost of credit and exacerbating unemployment in the United States itself.5 It is therefore on these four countries that this article will focus. It will examine the composition of their debt in comparison with other Latin American and Third World countries and the ways in which they got into their current predicament. It will also look at the solutions being proposed and their likely effects. Finally, some policy recommendations will be suggested. A key theme will be that, contrary to the view many bankers seem to hold, the Latin American region is not homogenous. The four countries to be discussed include sharply different patterns of debt and economic policy. These differences must be taken into account in devising responses to the debt problems. One of the major difficulties in analyzing Third World debt is the lack of detailed data on an up-to-date basis. World Bank data are very useful for public sector medium- and long-term debt, but they have a one- to two-year lag. Furthermore, data on private sector debt and shortterm debt are generally not included. It is short-term debt that has provided the most volatile element in many of the renegotiations over the past year. The reason can be seen by comparing the World Bank figures on debt service ratios (interest plus amortization as a percentage of 2.Pedro-Pablo...

A neurology revival in Latin America

This article is devoted to the analysis of trade and economic relations between the United States and China with Latin American countries. This region is a sphere of competitive confrontation between the two countries not only for foreign policy ties, but also for trade and economic ones. The authors in this article show the peculiarities of the bilateral relations between China and the United States with Latin America and describe the process of changing US policy towards Latin America after 2017, when it radically changed after the Trump administration came to power, and Beijing, taking advantage of this opportunity, began to compete with Washington in this region. Also, in this article, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the indicators of trade and economic relations between China and the United States with the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that, using the example of the transition of leading positions towards China, the authors, within the framework of the theory of "power transit" (Power transition theory), describe the competitive struggle of states in this region in trade and economic terms, which is inextricably linked with political relations. The main conclusions are that the United States is still an external force that cannot be ignored in Latin American international relations, while China has every chance of gradually displacing the United States from the foreign market in Latin America thanks to its economic projects with the introduction of leading Latin American countries in the economic sphere. The United States of America, in turn, is trying to maintain its position in this region by easing its economic and financial constraints and, thereby, inclining the political leadership of Latin American countries to its side.

PART OF LATIN AMERICAN TRADE with countries of the European Payments Union is conducted on a dollar basis, part on a sterling basis, and the remainder on the basis of other currencies. The payments, clearing, and compensation arrangements of Latin American countries with Europe differ widely from country to country and are subject to frequent change, making difficult a precise division of Latin America into "dollar area" and "nondollar area" countries. Some Latin American countries which have "Bilateral Accounts" with the sterling area are "dollar countries" insofar as continental European countries are concerned. Other Latin American countries, however, which are classified in the "American Account" group of the sterling area, have bilateral arrangements with some continental countries. Certain bilateral payments agreements between Latin American and European countries provide that freely disposable U.S. dollars shall be used as the means of effecting commercial payments (e.g., the agreement between Uruguay and Italy and that between Peru and Western Germany). Other agreements, in contrast, employ the U.S. dollar as a unit of account ("restricted" dollars); the mechanism of current settlements, however, is designed to avoid payment in freely disposable U.S. dollars, and only final settlement at the termination of the agreement is to be effected in freely disposable U.S. dollars, other agreed currencies, or gold. (See Table 1.) With countries that are classified in the American account group by the U.K. Exchange Control, U.K. trade is in effect conducted on a dollar basis, under a mechanism whereby the United Kingdom makes payments in sterling which is convertible into dollars whenever the recipient country so requests. In this group are the Central American countries, the Caribbean countries, and Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. The Latin American countries included in the American account group of the sterling area do not coincide exactly with the countries

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The burden caused by familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) varies among countries and ethnic groups. The prevalence and characteristics of FH in Latin American (LA) countries is largely unknown. We present a systematic review (following the PRISMA statement) of FH in LA countries. The epidemiology, genetics, screening, management, and unique challenges encountered in these countries are discussed. Published reports discussing FH in Hispanic or LA groups was considered for analysis. Thirty studies were included representing 10 countries. The bulk of the data was generated in Brazil and Mexico. Few countries have registries and there was little commonality in FH mutations between LA countries. LDL receptor mutations predominate; APOB and PCSK9 mutations are rare. No mutation was found in an FH gene in nearly 50% of cases. In addition, some country-specific mutations have been reported. Scant information exists regarding models of care, cascade screening, cost, treatment effectiveness, morbidity, and mortality. In conclusion, FH is largely underdiagnosed and undertreated in the LA region. The genetic admixture with indigenous populations, producing mestizo's groups, may influence the mutational findings in Latin America. Potential opportunities to close gaps in knowledge and health care are identified.

BackgroundResearch has been an essential part of the COVID-19 pandemic response, including in Latin American (LA) countries. However, implementing research in emergency settings poses the challenge of producing valuable knowledge rapidly while upholding research ethical standards. Research ethics committees (RECs) therefore must conduct timely and rigorous ethics reviews and oversight of COVID-19 research. In the LA region, there is limited knowledge on how countries have responded to this need. To address this gap, the objective of our project is to explore if LA countries developed policies to streamline ethics review and oversight of research in response to the pandemic while ensuring its adherence to ethical standards, and to analyze to what extent these governance frameworks are in accordance with international guidance.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive and exploratory study assessing the COVID-19 research ethics governance frameworks of 19 LA countries, considering 4 dimensions based on international COVID-19 ethics guidance documents: (i) ethics review organizational model adopted, (ii) measures to coordinate between RECs and other research stakeholders, (iii) operational guidance for RECs, and (iv) key ethical issues for review and oversight of COVID-19 research.Results10 out of 19 LA countries have some policy to streamline ethics review of COVID-19 research. Of these countries only 6 issued comprehensive documents following international guidance that contemplate strategies with recommendations for concrete actions for a timely and rigorous review.ConclusionLA countries adopted partial strategies and operational guidance that may demonstrate a lack of a comprehensive view of research ethics for the review and oversight of COVID-19 research. Continuing efforts should be directed to strengthen LA countries' research capacity to respond timely and ethically to future health emergencies. Past lessons and the ones from this pandemic should be the basis to develop international standards and operational guidelines for ethics review and oversight of any research for public health emergencies.

The article explores the evolution of the Inter-American Sys-tem from the 19th century until 2024. It describes some char-acteristics of this system and identifies several stages in its development, based on differences in the perspectives of pol-iticians in the Western Hemisphere regarding security issues, trade cooperation, and the international environment. The theme of security and economic collaboration runs like a re-curring theme throughout the more than 200-year history of U.S. foreign policy engagement with Latin American and Car-ibbean countries, providing a sense of continuity in the stages of Inter-American cooperation development. This is illustrat-ed by examples such as the Spanish American Congresses of 1826–1865, Pan-American Conferences of 1889–1954, and Summits of the Americas from 1994–2022. At each of these phases, there has been a mutual adjustment in the foreign pol-icies of Western Hemisphere countries. In 2023, the Biden administration launched several new initiatives aimed at unit-ing several Latin American countries, coinciding with Brazil’s efforts to establish its own macro-regional entity within the context of the changing international relations system. These developments highlight the fact that the Western Hemisphere has two distinct roots: Latin America and North America. For a long time, North America has dominated, allowing the USA to shape the Inter-American system based on its own princi-ples. However, the current trends of deglobalization and the fragmentation of the global landscape are allowing Latin American countries to propose their own ideas for shaping this system in the future. Based on these trends, the author proposes several possible scenarios for the evolution of the Inter-American system.

Latin America and the Caribbean Region experienced dramatic changes in the 1990s. Politically, all but one country, are governed by a democratically elected government. Economically, import substitution industrialization policies (ISI) followed in the past, were replaced by liberalization programs aimed at reducing inflationary pressures and creating a competitive environment. The significant increase in capital flows to Latin America in one single year, 1990, buried the 1980s as the “lost decade,” and the successful implementation of privatization programs region-wide prompted to affirm that the 1990s might constitute the “Latin America's decade.” Where does the euphoria come from? Is there any implicit promise to be derived from such international capital flows? Will the pattern be sustained? Has Latin America begun a new era? Are unfolding events on defiance of fundamentals? These and many other questions can be raised regarding the spectacular transformation of Latin America and the Caribbean, particu...

Canada, Latin America, and the United States have assumed great international significance in the past few decades as borders wither, goods and people move more freely around the globe, and finance takes on a more integrated and powerful role in global marketplaces. Trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), transnational production ventures such as those springing up in Vancouver, Montreal, Toronto, Miami, and heavily traded regional markets in Latin America, for products such as telenovelas, to some degree advance trends that are likely to grow with little incentive to arrest development. The long experience of almost all the nations in the Americas with various modifications on commercial broadcasting also reveals trends that may be coming elsewhere. In this respect, the United States has been the leader in developing this pattern in both North and South America. Until recently, Canada resisted the trend to prioritize the commercial approach to electronic media. It should be noted that Canada is under no obligation to open its cultural markets to NAFTA. The Canadian government regards broadcasting as a cultural industry (Bird, 1988). Nonetheless, Canadian media are strongly supported by advertising, which has long been a significant force in industrializing nations like Brazil and Mexico and to a degree in smaller, heavily challenged cultures and states like Bolivia and Haiti. Another fascinating precedent is the burgeoning U.S. Hispanic market, which represents both a settled large minority and a mobile diasporic population of recent migrants. In spite of its growing economic and cultural importance, the Hispanic culture and Hispanic language are not treated as equals to Anglo-Saxon and African American cultures and communities. Its extended history, its size, and its affluence may give some indication where other minority or migrant and scattered audiences in other American nations are headed, and particularly how they relate to the cultural industries and broadcasters in both their cultures of origin and the culture that now holds them. Will they willingly abandon their respective heritage symbols to join the unilingual U.S. market? Will they react as others have done before them and retreat to the protection of culturally defined communities? Will they emerge as a multilayered audience attending to both? In this respect, Canada has greatly outdistanced the United States in dealing with similar kinds of factors. Globalization, Transnationalism, and Regionalism Latin America and North America are interesting to other regions around the globe because they are advance harbingers of many trends associated with current market-driven or capital-driven globalization. All of the Americas, with the partial exception of Canada, have been primarily focused on commercial broadcasting since the early 20th century, due in part to the major economic influence of the United States and its models for commercial media (Janus, 1977; Schwoch, 1990). At the time, many Latin American countries saw these relations as top-heavy economic entities that in turn resulted in a cultural dependency on the United States (Cardoso, 1970). However, they can also see them as early developments in what is now called globalization. That is particularly true of economic globalization and cultural globalization. Here the Canadian experience is a notable exception and to many degrees it remains that way. The first decade in Canadian broadcasting development was as haphazard and confusing as anything produced in the United States (Nolan, 1989). In essence, all licenses granted by the federal Department of Marine and Fisheries were intended for private development. Heavy restrictions were placed on the commercial use of broadcasting almost from the beginning, although the regulations did not hamper the curious and the adventuresome (Vipond, 1992, 2000). The broadcasting scene in Canada in the 1920s was populated by speculators, newspaper owners, churches, a large Toronto-based distillery, a Montreal electronics manufacturer and shortwave broadcaster, a couple of universities, and any one of a number of people wanting to test the waters. …

Five-year trend of antimicrobial susceptibility rates and daptomycin activity among Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in Latin American medical eenters (2005-2009)

Growth Challenges in Latin America: What is Unique About the Region?

This chapter discusses the increasing trade in educational services from Latin American countries to Australia and the spillover effects on bilateral trade. Education has played a pivotal role in building and fostering deeper and stronger links between Australia and Latin American countries. While the focus of this chapter is on the educational services dimension, it touches on various elements that underpin Australia’s relationship with the Latin American region. In particular this chapter brings into perspective student and academic mobility and the study choices made by Latin American students in Australia. The chapter goes on to reflect upon the Latin American migrant experience and highlights how migrant experiences have contributed to shaping Australia’s ties with the countries of the region. In closing, the chapter includes recommendations for ways to increase educational development opportunities, enhance two-way trade, and strengthen relations over the long term. There is a growing maturity in the nature of relations between Australia and Latin American countries, combined with an improved knowledge about each other’s role in world and regional affairs. Globalization and technological development, among many drivers of change, have also brought Australia and Latin America a lot closer. Australia is becoming a preferred destination for Latin American students, and this student mobility is shaping a base for strengthening bilateral trade relations between Australia and key Latin American nations.