Abstract
The experience of the five examined industries (agro-food in Chile, cut flowers in Kenya, garment in Lesotho and in Mauritius and seafood in Thailand) demonstrates that non-traditional industries can emerge and achieved strong growth rates in very diverse settings in terms of geography and initial economic and social conditions. In most of these cases, the government adopted a relatively export-oriented, business-friendly attitude and adapted its policies as the industries developed. Hence, a key factor for successful structural adjustment has been the pro-active role of government in establishing an enabling economic and policy environment that allows local firms to operate on a level-playing field and strengthen their competitive edge in international markets. This highlights the importance of implementing trade policies in the framework of comprehensive development strategies and establishing a consultative national policy-making process for ensuring a coherent approach to trade and structural adjustment. The case studies also underscore that countries (government and industry) are compelled to constantly adapt in light of new sources of competition, growing wage levels, environmental constraints, technological advances and demanding product and process standards. Policy-makers in most countries under review are aware of this challenge. As a consequence, some of them have taken the initiative to set up specific mechanisms or programmes for further enhancing the competitiveness of existing export sectors and/or promoting emerging non-traditional export industries. L’experience des cinq filieres etudiees (agro-alimentaire au Chili, fleurs au Kenya, vetements au Lesotho et a Maurice, et fruits de mer en Thailande) demontre que des industries non traditionnelles peuvent naitre et generer de solides taux de croissance dans les contextes les plus varies de geographie ou de fondamentaux economiques et sociaux. Dans la plupart de ces cas, les pouvoirs publics ont adopte une approche relativement favorable a l’exportation et aux affaires, et adapte leurs politiques au developpement de ces activites. Partant, le facteur cle d’un ajustement structurel benefique a ete la determination des gouvernements a adapter leur economie et le cadre politique pour permettre aux entreprises d’operer a un stade approprie et de renforcer leurs avantages comparatifs sur les marches internationaux. Ce qui souligne l’importance d’inscrire la politique commerciale dans le cadre des strategies de developpement global et de mettre en place, pour assurer une approche coherente de l’ajustement commercial et structurel, une procedure consultative nationale d’adoption des politiques. Les etudes de cas soulignent aussi que les pays (pouvoirs publics et entreprises) sont condamnes a s’adapter constamment en fonction des nouvelles sources de concurrence, de la charge salariale croissante, des contraintes de l’environnement, des avancees technologiques, et des exigences de la demande et des progres. Les decideurs politiques de la plupart des pays passes en revue sont conscients de ce defi. Et c’est pourquoi plusieurs d’entre eux ont pris l’initiative de mettre en oeuvre des mecanismes ou des programmes specifiques pour renforcer la competitivite des actuelles filieres d’export et/ou pour favoriser l’emergence d’activites exportatrices non traditionnelles.
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