Tracking the Hunter: A Study of the Personal Gear of a Gravettian Hunter-Gatherer from Milovice IV

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of hysteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of missing intra‐uterine devices (IUDs).DesignA retrospective study of 274 patients.SettingShanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai Jiading District Gynaecological Endoscopy Centre and Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital.Subjects274 patients with missing IUDs, who had previously undergone up to four unsuccessful attempts at IUD removal, were included in our study. Among them, 45 patients had been menopausal for more than 1 year.InterventionsHysteroscopy was used to detect and/or remove the missing IUDs or their broken pieces in all patients.ResultsIn 237 out of 274 patients with missing devices, the IUDs or their broken pieces in the uterine cavity were detected by hysteroscopy. In 236 out of these 237 patients, the IUDs or their broken pieces were removed successfully under hysteroscopic view or after hysteroscopic location. In one case only a small piece of the IUD remained in the uterine wall because of breakage during extraction. The IUDs of the remaining 37 patients were not found in the uterine cavity: in 13 patients there was expulsion of IUDs; in two there were broken pieces embedded in the uterine wall; 14 patients had IUDs removed by laparoscopy, and eight IUDs were removed by laparotomy.ConclusionOur study indicates that hysteroscopy, sometimes with an ultrasound B‐scan or laparoscopic guide, is of great value not only for precise locating of the IUD, but also for its removal under direct vision, particularly in the management of patients with broken and/or embedded IUD pieces.

This study has evaluated the factors affecting the utilization of alternative fiber resources and efforts have also been made to outline the possible alternative fiber resources available in the country. Since 1989, paper consumption has exceeded production. Imports of industrial paper have increased and the future of newsprint export is dark. The government sector pulp and paper mills are highly dependent on forest based fiber resources and private sector paper and board mills depend on imported pulps. Uneven distribution of fiber resources has limited the raw material availability of the pulp and paper mills. Shortage of raw materials, irregular procurements, and low installed capacity are the main reasons for low paper production. On the other hand, paper demand will increase tremendously in the near future. But the present raw material availability is not sufficient to cope with the future demand for attaining self sufficiency in paper production. Therefore, immediate action is necessary for utilizing alternative fiber resources. Rangpur region has abundant lower grade jute. Jute cutting is available in Narayangonj area. Available bagasse supply is expected in the northwest regions after the end of this century. These resources are more than enough for supplementing the shortage of present raw materials during the 1997–2006 period.

The article considers the key issue in optimizing the activities of the enterprise, which is the construction of its production program taking into account the most rational use of enterprise resources. This causes a number of significant changes in the field of logistics of production for the successful development of the enterprise, which will largely depend not only on the marketing strategy, but also on the purchase of products it needs. It is shown that there is a need to implement new approaches to the organization and management of processes of material support of production, provided that the timely provision of production with material resources depends on the size and completeness of production stocks in warehouses, and the creation of such stocks allows the release of materials in accordance with the requirements of the technological process. It is shown that when managing production or inventories there are two main questions: when to replenish the stock and what should be its optimal size, given that stocks require certain costs for their storage until they are sold. At the same time, the company's losses increase primarily due to the fact that part of working capital is invested in inventories. It is proved that in each case it is important to build a mathematical model describing the studied system, and on its basis to find the optimal ratio between costs and benefits of the selected level of stocks and determine what stocks for each group of goods or raw materials are sufficient. The methods used to ensure the necessary conditions for effective management of material flows are presented: deterministic calculation methods (used in the calculation of secondary demand for materials according to the known primary); analytical methods (calculation is based on the product specification); synthetic methods (provides for calculations for each group of parts based on the degree of their applicability at individual levels of the hierarchy); stochastic calculation methods (allow to establish the expected need on the basis of numerical data that characterize its changes over a period of time); approximation methods, exponential smoothing method and regression analysis. The problem is considered when the consumption of raw materials in the main production is a random variable with some intensity, provided that raw materials are systematically supplied to cover costs. It is assumed that the value of the optimal value, which determines the absence of shortage and balance of raw materials, and the total consumption of raw materials is equal to the volume of its supply - has a gamma distribution with parameters of the supply of raw materials in conventional units of cost and intensity of raw materials. hour in conventional units of value. The flow of events with a constant intensity of raw material costs in conventional units of cost per hour is considered, and the random variable is the time required for the occurrence of a given number of events (volume of raw material supply). A period of time has been found, given a specific volume of supply and a given intensity, when there will be no shortage of raw materials in production.

UMKM Aqsha is a Small and Medium Enterprise that produces oyster mushrooms in Tarakan City. In the implementation process, the inventory for oyster mushrooms has yet to use the calculation method of EOQ analysis. In this case, there might be a media shortage of raw planting materials. The objectives of the research were to (1) describe the system of controlling the inventory for oyster mushrooms planting media raw materials based on actual conditions at UMKM Aqsha, (2) analyze the system of controlling the inventory for oyster mushrooms planting media raw materials using economic order quantity analysis, buying frequency, safety stock, reorder point and maximum inventory. The technique of taking informants was conducted by selecting the key informants, namely business owners and workers who know the information needed in the research. The analysis method used economic order quantity analysis, buying frequency, safety stock, reorder point and maximum inventory. The results of the research showed that the inventory control of UMKM Aqsha required all three raw materials totaling 3,345 kg in a year, with a one-time order quantity for the three raw materials totaling 1,115 kg. The inventory control implemented by UMKM Aqsha was not optimal yet and also has not yet implemented a reorder point. So that it was not possible to prevent a shortage of the three raw materials during the production process. EOQ analysis was given an optimum order for all three materials with 1,655.9 kg of raw materials, no safety stock for all three materials, a reorder point for all three materials with 526,17 kg of raw materials, and for the maximum inventory for all three materials with 1655.9 kg of raw materials.

IN contemporary management, growth is implicitly a central element of successful marketing practice. This philosophy has developed in a marketing environment in which it was assumed that there would always be more consumption potential that could be serviced by marketing organizations. However, the continued growth of consumption in the early 1970s, together with more recent inflationary pressures and materials shortages, have tested the marketing system's ability to fully meet its objective of achieving customer satisfaction and long-term profitability. The development of a marketing orientation specific to this new marketing environment is the basis of the concept of demarketing.1 This concept maintains that the marketer's task is to shape demand to conform with long-term objectives rather than blindly engineer increases in sales without regard to such objectives. Interest in demarketing has rapidly increased internationally as companies worldwide have faced the decision problems associated with raw material or product shortages.2 These problems includethe nature and level of advertising that can be justified, the role of the salesman, the clients who are to be dropped, the desire to alter product pricing to equate supplies and demand, the allocation of limited supplies of products to distributors, and bases for product substitution. Business concern with these problems has been accentuated by the speed with which the situation developed and the wide range of company activities affected by these changes.' Decision making in times of severe change presents substantial problems to marketers. Specifically, two questions need to be answered: What is the relevant marketing orientation for developing strategy? What strategy alternatives are available for marketing mix elements? This article attempts to provide answers to these questions and to apply them to help marketing managers position demarketing strategy relative to overall marketing strategy.

Soap Production Companies are faced with the problem of not fulfilling consumer demand which is characterized by a smaller actual number of shipments compared to the amount of consumer demand for this soap product. The management of the Soap Production Company identified that one of the causes of non-fulfillment of consumer demand was due to the production process being hampered by a shortage of production raw materials. Faced with the condition of increasingly high market demand, companies are constantly looking for ways to keep the supply of raw materials available in the right quantity and on time delivery. The calculation of ordering raw materials is carried out using the economist order quantity (EOQ) method and also the application of raw material safety stock. The EOQ method is applied to determine the order quantity and avoid large inventory costs. The amount of safety stock of raw materials is determined in anticipation of a shortage of raw materials during the production process. The amount of EOQ is obtained from the results of forecasting calculations and the value of the safety stock of raw materials obtained a value of 3.85% of the average raw material needs every month

Raw material inventory is unprocessed basic material provided by the company for later use in the company's production process. Raw materials are important in production companies. Limited or excess supplies of raw materials can be a problem for the company. A shortage of raw materials can result in problems with company activities, especially in the production process, while excess supplies of raw materials can lead to excessive costs in maintaining raw materials and the value of raw materials will decrease over time (Anista & Widiyastuti, 2016). The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. According to Winartha (2006: 155), the quantitative descriptive method is analyzing, describing and summarizing various conditions and situations from various data in the form of numbers collected from the results of analysis and interviews or observations regarding the problems being studied that occur in the field. Based on the calculation results, the optimal quantity of raw material orders for the Djamoe Van Java business is 10 Kg. Based on the results of the research and discussion described previously, it can be concluded that to obtain optimal raw material inventory management for the Djamoe Van Java business, the quantity The economic purchase (EOQ) that the company must provide is 10 kg. The results of calculations that have been carried out in Total Inventory Cost (TIC) show that after implementing an appropriate and optimal inventory control system, the company can save costs of IDR 150,000. Companies should determine Reorder Points in carrying out raw material inventory control to anticipate possible delays in ordering raw materials.

The increasingly competitive business environment has encouraged many actors to use information and communication technology as a competitive advantage, including the garment industry. So far, difficulties in controlling raw material inventories which causes problems for the production process. If there is a shortage of raw materials, the production process cannot be carried out, on the contrary if the raw material ordered is too excessive it will cause excess and the high cost of raw material inventory. This research develops an information system that can plan the needs of raw materials needed for production. This system is web-based, applying the MRP (Material Requirement Planning) method to develop raw material ordering planning systems, case studies at garment companies, using PHP programming and FIREBIRD databases. This system gets input from the production schedule resulting from production scheduling information system, then provides output in the form of recommendations for scheduling raw material orders. This output can later be used as a reference for the company’s operational decisions in planning raw material requirements.

H. Basri Tofu Business is a business that produces raw tofu or white tofu products, the company still uses conventional calculations in purchasing raw materials. The company purchases raw materials continuously which aims to make raw materials always available so that it is hoped that production activities can run smoothly, but there is often a shortage of raw materials or stock unavailability when tofu production is carried out because there is no scheduling of raw material purchases at H. Basri Tofu Business. What can be done for efficient raw material inventory is to apply the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method which can determine the supply of raw materials used in making tofu, namely soybeans, tofu flour, and vinegar. To obtain the company's main target, namely getting maximum profit, the company is required to be able to maintain a balanced inventory level to prevent raw material shortages. This study uses the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method with the Lot for Lot technique using data on the use of raw materials for H. Basri's Tofu Business in the period December 2024 to March 2025 which in the calculation of the supply of raw materials in the tofu production process at H. Basri's Tofu Business is the Lot for Lot technique which is carried out on a weekly basis is the calculation with the smallest total cost of Rp 1,188,646.

. Raw materials are tangible items used in production which can be obtained from natural sources or 
 purchased from suppliers or companies that produce raw materials for the industry that uses them. MRP (Material Requirement Planning) According to Haizer and Render (2005: 160) the material requirement planning method is a bound demand technique that uses materials, inventory, estimated receipts, and master production schedules to determine the amount of material. Inventory control is a very important managerial function for the Company, material requirements planning is a planning system that focuses on the amount and time of finished goods requested 
 which then determines the derivative demand for raw materials. From inventory control, it can be seen from the MRP 
 calculation how much raw material PPIC must order, so that there is no shortage of raw materials or no inventory at all.And the results of MRP for one year or 12 periods can be known how much raw material must be provided for production in a year that will be data.

Competition in today's business world is increasing, there are more and more innovations made by every entrepreneur to increase sales of the products they make so that they can be accepted in the market and in the community. One of them is Healthy Food Medan, a company engaged in healthy food catering. In making healthy food, it is necessary to stock up on good raw materials, so that one day the company does not lack stock of raw materials. Healthy Food Medan itself will not be separated from the so-called stock taking of raw materials. Of course, it is very interesting to be used as research material. Because of this, a computer program was created to determine the stock of raw materials so that there is no shortage of raw materials. In the application with the Min-Max method, it is expected that the user will no longer have difficulties in terms of stock of raw materials. The Min-Max method itself is a method that determines the maximum amount of inventory and minimum inventory so that there are no shortages and excess goods. Aims to avoid excess and shortage of raw materials by calculating the amount of raw material inventory

Raw material inventory is very important for companies. UD. Agung Jaya is a company that operates in the food sector, namely Petis Udang. Problems at UD. Agung Jaya has raw material stock problems, namely a shortage or excess of raw materials. The aim of this research is to help optimize UD costs of UD. Agung Jaya. This research uses raw material purchase data for shrimp heads, sugar, and flour which is processed by forecasting calculations for 12 periods or 1 year into the future using the single exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecasting method. The aim is to determine the need for raw materials so that there are no shortages or excesses of raw materials during the ongoing production process, and the efficiency of raw material needs in this research. The results of the research show that the raw material for shrimp heads has a mape error value of 24, sugar has a mape error value of 24, and flour has a mape error value of 26.1. Furthermore, the raw material decomposition method for shrimp heads has a mape error value of 15, sugar has a mape error value of 15, and flour has a mape error value of 16.42. The second result of forecasting shows that the decomposition method obtains a smaller mape value or the lowest error value. This research also uses the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method in the 2022-2023 period with raw material yields of 515.28 kg of shrimp heads, 488.54 kg of sugar and 188.09 kg of flour.

Raw material inventory is a serious problem for manufacturing companies. Shortages of raw materials can stop production, while inventories that are too large cause high storage costs and result in idle capital. Therefore, research entitled "Planning Raw Materials for Production of Sosro Bottled Tea Using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Method at Sinar Sosro Deli Serdang" was carried out. The aim of this research is to determine the planning of the amount of raw materials needed for production. This research is descriptive with primary and secondary data. The research results show that the raw material requirements for the production of Teh Botol Sosro for the period January 2022-December 2022 are as follows: Sugar 5,213,184 kg, Dry Tea 365,329 kg, Water 6,455,592,000 ml, Bottle Cap/Crown Cork 2,934,600 pcs, Bottles 2,934. 600 pcs, and Krat 1,222,650 pcs. Lot size calculations using the Lot for Lot (LFL) and Period Order Quantity (POQ) methods show that the POQ method is more economical with a minimum cost of IDR 1,944,412.59. Keywords: Lot For Lot, Material Requirement Planning (MRP), Period Order Quantity, Raw Material Planning

A major supply chain challenge in the commercial aerospace industry involves managing the supply of specific metallic alloys in a cyclical market. When the demand for new airplanes fluctuates, gluts and shortages of raw material may occur. As a result, several suppliers have been forced to rethink their business or to exit the industry. The impact on Boeing Commercial Airplanes is equally severe. Raw material shortages have increased expediting costs and have, in the worst cases, caused assembly line shutdowns.Due to the serious nature of this market phenomenon, Senior Management in Boeing’s Commercial Airplane, Raw Material Procurement Organization commissioned the authors of this paper to study the problem and develop a workable, robust solution.The authors’ primary objective was to develop methods and techniques that would be used collaboratively with the Commercial Airplanes supply base. Collaborative planning and forecasting should help reduce fluctuations in the supply chain amid fluctuations in the demand for commercial airplanes. As such, they should help generate planned demand for components and raw materials throughout the company’s supply chain. The tool should also help mills producing the raw material plan their capacity thus dampening oscillations felt throughout the supply chain.This paper describes the results achieved thus far.

PT. Ariake Europe Indonesia is one of the companies that has a focus on the food seasoning industry. The seasoning products produced by the company are Chicken Meat Powder and Kril Extract, these products are condiments that have the flavor of chicken. then the seasonings that have been produced are distributed to various retail or spice mix shops in the Jabodetabek area, apart from the Indonesian market, this company is also distributed to Japan. In carrying out the production process, the company always needs raw materials, while in the inventory of these raw materials, unexpected problems often occur, such as a shortage of raw materials which causes the production process to not run smoothly and employees are forced to be transferred to other production departments to work on this type of production. other spices. In addition, there has been an overproduction which resulted in the capacity in the warehouse being piled up. Therefore, to avoid bottlenecks in the production process, it must be balanced with the availability of good (optimal) raw materials. Based on the existing background, it can be formulated the problem that wants to be raised, namely Analyzing the flow of the inventory control system for raw material ingredients for food preparation from raw materials to finished goods (finish good) PT. Ariake Europe Indonesia.