Tracking Patterns in Systems

4D Dynamic Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment With Dual-Layer Micro Multileaf Collimators

Hairpin curves are often employed in alignment layout and an important feature that identifies dangerous driving conditions for mountain roads. However, driving behaviors at hairpin curves remain ambiguous. Field driving tests were conducted in this study on one two-lane mountain road with 11 hairpin curves. Vehicle-mounted equipment was utilized to collect track and lateral distance between the wheels and the lane markings under naturally driving conditions. Track morphology and patterns, risks, and road crash mechanisms were analyzed. The main findings are as follows. Curve cutting was a typical method for negotiating hairpin curves, was observed for left and right turns, and can be classified into three types based on the location of the cutting point, namely, cutting at curve entry, cutting at curve middle, and cutting at curve exit. Based on the lateral positional relationships between tracks and lane markings, six track patterns are determined for left turns and four track patterns for right turns. When passing a right turn by cutting the curve, a driver occupied the right shoulder of the turn; therefore, there is a risk of colliding with the mountain or the guardrail. When making a left turn into hairpin curves, a driver occupied the right shoulder on curve exit, resulting in running off the road or colliding with the guardrail. More than 70% and 60% of drivers occupied the opposite lane when turning right and turning left, respectively, into a hairpin turn, which led to intertwining between the tracks in the two driving directions and therefore a risk of potential collisions.

The study of tracking patterns in secondary schools is central to understanding the educational attainment process. In this paper I offer a conceptualframeworkfor evaluating school tracking patterns as meritocratic, arbitrary, exclusive, or inclusive. Tracking patterns are hypothesized to emerge under different organizational contingencies. In particular, the type of structural constraints, the informationflow within the school, and the cultural milieu evident among the staff are thought to affect the likelihood that one type of tracking pattern would emerge rather than another. A preliminary analysis suggests that student demand for a given track, which is a structural constraint, affects the degree to which exclusive tracking occurs. Social networks among students and teachers as well as teacher control over grouping policy are found to affect the likelihood of inclusive or exclusive tracking patterns, and the cultural milieu of the staff affects the degree to which exclusive or inclusive tracking occurs. No clear evidence for a press toward arbitrary tracking is observed.

The study was aimed to test the hypothesis that in the knee extension range 100 to 30 deg, the patellar "out-of-plane" tracking pattern is controlled by the passive restraint provided by the topographic interaction of the patellofemoral contacting surfaces. The out-of-plane tracking pattern, i.e., the pattern of patellar displacements not in the plane of knee extension/flexion, consists of translation in the medial-lateral direction, and rotations about the anterior-posterior axis (spin) and the proximal-distal axis (tilt). Using 15 fresh-frozen knees subjected to extensor moment magnitudes comparable to those in the "static-lifting" activity (foot-ground reaction = 334 N), the patellar displacements were measured using a calibrated six-degree-of-freedom electromechanical goniometer. The topographies of the trochlear and retropatellar surfaces were then measured using a calibrated traveling dial-gage arrangement and the same coordinate system used for the displacement measurements. Three indices were defined to quantify particular natural features of the three-dimensional topographies that are expected to control the patellar displacements. Correlation of the indices with their corresponding displacements showed that topographic interaction was significant in the control of all three displacements. However, for patellar spin, unlike for the other two displacements, the direction of the active quadriceps tension vector was also a significant controlling factor. Patellar medial-lateral translation was found to be controlled dominantly by the trochlear topography, while retropatellar topography also had a significant role in the control of the other two displacements.

The latitude of lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) location (ϕLMI) of Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with a significant negative correlation for 1948–2018. We objectively classify TC tracks into four patterns, to evaluate the effects of variations in dominant track patterns (track ϕLMI) and intra‐pattern ϕLMI (pure ϕLMI) on the total ϕLMI variation. During the warm phases of AMO, the prevailed south‐origin track patterns and equatorward pure ϕLMI shifts have almost equally contributed to the equatorward migration of the total ϕLMI. The negative anomaly of potential intensity in the subtropics is responsible for the equatorward shift of pure ϕLMI. Moreover, weak vertical wind shear in the tropics increases the south‐origin track patterns. These environmental conditions are associated with the east‐strong and west‐weak relative sea surface temperature warming during the warm phases that causes anomalous upward and downward motions in the eastern and western Atlantic, respectively.

Authentication of documents can be done by detecting the printing device used to generate the print-out. Many manufacturers of color laser printers and copiers designed their devices in a way to integrate a unique tracking pattern in each print-out. This pattern is used to identify the exact device the print-out originates from. In this paper, we present an important extension of our previous work for (a) detecting the class of printer that was used to generate a print-out, namely automatic methods for (b) comparing two base patterns from two different print-outs to verify if two print-outs come from the same printer and for (c) automatic decoding of the base pattern to extract the serial number and, if available, the time and the date the document was printed. Finally, we present (d) the first public dataset on tracking patterns (also called machine identification codes) containing 1,264 images from 132 different printers. Evaluation on this dataset resulted in accuracies of up to 93.0 % for detecting the printer class. Comparison and decoding of the tracking patterns achieved accuracies of 91.3 and 98.3 %, respectively.

Highly radioactive fallout particles collected from the 19th Chinese nuclear explosion test in the atmosphere were subjected to neutron irradiation in a reactor after being sandwiched with mica detectors. Star-like fission track patterns were revealed on the etched surface of the mica detectors. Uranium or plutonium could cause such prominent track patterns within the particles. Simple chemical separation procedure was applied for uranium and plutonium and both resultant fractions were examined with similar, highly sensitive fission tracking detection. Subsequently, a representative track pattern from a black spherical particle was analyzed for the determination of fissile nuclide content by comparing the total evaluated track numbers on the basis of the numerical calculation of track densities with the employed total thermal neutron fluence. The results implied that the uranium is responsible for the main fissile nuclide remaining within a particle as unfissioned fractions and should certainly be enriched with respect to235U within such small fallout particles.

This paper investigated the effects of interfacial pressure on the discharge and tracking failure at the interface between XLPE and silicon rubber by analyzing the distribution of discharge light emitted during the failure process. The test sample was made by pressing together a piece of XLPE and a piece of transparent silicon rubber with the pressure of 20 kN/cm², 100 kN/cm² and 300 kN/cm², respectively. Test voltage was applied to a pair of plate-needle electrodes sandwiched at the interface with the insulation distance of 10 mm. The initial discharge voltage, the discharge light from discharge to tracking failure and the tracking patterns after failure were recorded with a digital camera. Then the discharge light was analyzed with an image processing method. Results show that the initial discharge voltage increases with the increase of pressure, which significantly influences the distribution characteristics of the discharge light and tracking pattern at the interface. The analysis of discharge light distribution is helpful in understanding the failure process and its mechanism at the interface between XLPE and silicon rubber found in prefabricated cable joint.

In this chapter the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best-track records of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TC) are classified by track type using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The first three types are labeled as straight movers (A, B, and C), followed by four recurved types (D, E, F, and G), and one mixed straight-recurved type (H). For each type, a log-linear regression model is then applied to detect abrupt shifts in the time series of TC attributes including frequency, lifespan, intensity, and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). In this chapter, results indicate that the major climate shift in 1976/1977 may have affected storm’s counts for two track patterns (types F and H). All eight types exhibit at least one abrupt shift in their duration since 1945, with three types (A, C, and H) showing a common shift in 1972. For a majority of the eight types, the storms’ mean lifetime became longer after the shift. TC intensity shows a prevalence of abrupt shifts in the 1970s. For type D, its intensity has undergone several changes (1972, 1988, and 1998) with stronger intensity since the last shift. Because of its proximity to the East Asian landmasses and its abundance in numbers, the increasing intensity of type D since 1998 is a concern for Taiwan, the east China coast, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. For ACE, the signal is mixed. To draw more definitive conclusions, a consistency check with another best-track record is called for.

Printed circuit boards are scanned with a CCD linescan camera and a motorised table, under the control of a microcomputer. The camera signal is thresholded to produce a binary image of the track pattern, and this image is processed further in the microcomputer. The processing consists partly of comparisons against a stored master track pattern, and partly of an examination of the scanned track pattern alone to detect anomalies such as whiskers and broken tracks. The system will detect all defects so far presented to it, with an acceptable false alarm rate.

Introduction Electrocochleography (ECochG) has emerged as a valuable intra-operative monitoring tool in cochlear implantation, particularly for preserving residual hearing. This study evaluates the correlation between intra-operative ECochG responses and post-operative hearing outcomes in cochlear implant recipients. Materials and methods A cohort of 23 adult subjects with residual acoustic hearing in the low frequencies undergoing cochlear implantation were included. All subjects received Advanced Bionics' HiRes Ultra 3D implants and HiFocus SlimJ electrode arrays, with ECochG monitored during surgery via the AIM system. Intra-operative ECochG responses were categorized into positive, negative, and flat track patterns. Post-operative hearing outcomes were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, focusing on hearing preservation. Results In 70% of participants, recordable ECochG responses were obtained, with positive track patterns correlating with significantly lower mean hearing loss (17.1 dB) compared to negative (27.5 dB) and flat patterns (30.7 dB). At the 12-month post-operative mark, 83% of all participants retained complete or partial hearing preservation, with 100% complete or partial preservation in subjects exhibiting positive track patterns. Discussion This study highlights the association between intra-operative ECochG responses and post-operative acoustic hearing outcomes, indicating its potential as a monitoring tool during cochlear implantation. While ECochG provides real-time insights into cochlear function, this observational study did not evaluate whether acting on ECochG feedback improves outcomes. Therefore, these findings should be interpreted as correlational rather than interventional. Future research should include larger cohorts and investigate whether integrating ECochG-guided strategies into surgical protocols can enhance hearing preservation and long-term outcomes.

The detecting technology is very important for the discovery of space objects. The target is submerged by the complex background noise which is the environment of outer space and the device produced. The difficulty of the detection is increased. The detect system mainly has three kinds of working patterns including the fixed tracking pattern, the fixed star tracking pattern and the target tracking pattern. Theses pattern differences perform as moving target in moving background, moving target in static background and static target in moving background in the images. We bring up a new framework for detecting target in three kinds of working patterns based on the feature stability difference. The first step is preprocess. Secondly, we extract features from image sequence. Then we construct a stability function about features for every pixel. Finally, we can detect the position of target according to the value of stability function, then map the position of target in the feature domain to the original image, and search in original image for the accurate centroid of the target. Qualitative and quantitative results prove that the proposed algorithm has strong anti-noise performance and fit for kinds of working pattern of detection system for target detection conveniently.

Parents often use baby walkers (BWs) as assistive devices to improve their infants' independent movement and motor skill acquisition. However, the literature suggests that conventional baby walkers (CBW) may cause delays in an infant's ability to walk independently and musculoskeletal burden on parents. In the current study, a baby walker (RBW) with chest support was redesigned and ergonomically assessed during an infant-walking task. The anthropometric dimensions of 90 infants aged 7-11 months were measured in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran. Following redesigning based on the results from expert panel meetings and prototyping of the RBW, 18 mothers (age: 28.33±4.27 and height: 163.75±5.32 and weight: 59.45±5.99) with their infants (9 boys and 9 girls) performed a simulated infant walking task in two experimental sessions using the CBW and RBW over a repeated measurements design. The infants' feet track patterns, including the number of steps and step distances were assessed via the image analysis of the footprints. The mothers' body posture and lower back spinal load were evaluated using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique and 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP), respectively. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed infants walked more steps with the RBW (p = 0.002). Similarly, the distance between the infants' left heel strike (p = 0.008) and their right and left toe-off (p = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively) was also significantly lower in the RBW use. Additionally, the body posture of mothers was improved (RULA final score from 7 for CBW to 5 for RBW). Moreover, lower back compression and shear forces were reduced significantly (p = 0.002) by the RBW use. According to the feet track pattern, infants took more balanced steps when the RBW was used. In addition, mothers were subjected to less pressure on the lumbar region when they placed and lifted their infant from the RBW. However, further work is necessary to investigate potential long-term effects of the RBWs use.

This paper reports our study on the nonlinear stiffness of a few diaphragm designs used for miniature loudspeakers. For this study, the sample diaphragms were experimented for their stiffness curves using the laser vibrometry. Additionally, the stiffness curves were also obtained using finite element analysis (FEA). For calculating total harmonic distortion (THD), the electroacoustic system is modeled using the equivalentcircuit analogy. As a result of solving the coupled system of ordinary differential equations by the Runge-Kutta method, THD of three sample designs, characterized by different track patterns, were calculated and plotted as a function of frequency. The specimens were tested in a standard anechoic chamber for recording THD. Additionally, the sound pressure level (SPL) curves of these specimens were also recorded for comparison. It turns out that, despite no significant SPL difference, diaphragms with different track patterns shall, as a result, lead to substantial variations of THD. The consistence of our simulations with the measured THD has promised the feasibility of simulating THD by FEA for optimizing the design of track patterns for diaphragm.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the radiation resistance of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and to identify the pattern discriminating abilities of the surface tracking patterns. Simple objects can be described by the ideal shape primitives such as cubes, cones and cylinders. But most of the natural objects are so complex that cannot be described in terms of simple primitives. Fractals have been very successfully used to address the problem of modeling and to provide a description of naturally occurring phenomena and shapes, wherein conventional and existing mathematical models were found to be inadequate. The geometrical patterns of dielectric breakdown like electrical trees, surface discharges, and lightning are known to be of fractal in nature. These fractal patterns can be analysed numerically using fractal dimensions and lacunarity. Surface tracking occurring in HV insulation systems is a very complex phenomenon and more so are the shapes of tracking patterns. It has been fairly well established that the shapes and the underlying parameters causing tracking have a 1 : 1 correspondence and therefore, methods to describe and quantify these patterns must be explored. This paper reports preliminary results of such a study wherein2-d tracking patterns of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer were analysed and found to possess fairly reasonable pattern discriminating abilities. This approach appears promising and further research is essential before any long-term predictions can be made