Abstract
BackgroundSamples of 226 new improved and 21 indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties were collected from the rice fields in three climatic zones of Sri Lanka and concentrations of 18 trace elements (Li, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Ba, Pb and Bi) were measured giving particular emphasis on Se, Cd and As using ICP-MS. The two way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method was employed to identify the differences in composition among rice from different climatic zones.ResultsThe mean values obtained for both white and red rice were Se (36; 25 µg/kg), As (42; 45 µg/kg) and Cd (70; 123 µg/kg) on dry weight basis. However mean content of Se, As and Cd of native rice varieties were 69, 74 and 33 µg/kg, respectively. Statistical interpretations showed that in the majority of cases, there was a significant difference in Cd content among climatic zones whereas Se and Pb show differences between white and red rice varieties. Arsenic did not indicate any significant difference either between rice types or among climatic regions. Notably Se and As contents in indigenous rice were higher than that of improved rice types. To assess the safety of dietary of intake, daily intake of Se, Cd and As by rice were calculated. Non-gender specific Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of Se, Cd and As consuming improved rice are 9.31, 24.1 and 12.2 µg day−1, respectively.ConclusionsSince over 50 % of daily meals of people contain rice or rice based products, Se intake is expected to be deficient among the Sri Lankan population.
Highlights
Samples of 226 new improved and 21 indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties were collected from the rice fields in three climatic zones of Sri Lanka and concentrations of 18 trace elements (Li, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Ba, Pb and Bi) were measured giving particular emphasis on Se, Cd and As using ICP-MS
For instance elevated Cd in rice were reported in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Meharg et al 2013) and in few other Asian countries (Watanabe et al 1996) while arsenic contaminated rice was reported in Bangladesh (Das et al 2004; Abedin et al 2002; Meharg and Rahman 2003)
The main objective of this study was to assess the levels of toxic trace elements in rice produced in Sri Lanka giving particular emphasis to Se, As and Cd since these elements were considered as important causative agents of Chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu)
Summary
Samples of 226 new improved and 21 indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties were collected from the rice fields in three climatic zones of Sri Lanka and concentrations of 18 trace elements (Li, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Ba, Pb and Bi) were measured giving particular emphasis on Se, Cd and As using ICP-MS. 30 % of the dietary energy supply and 20 % dietary protein intake in Asia are provided by rice (WHO/ FAO 2002) It is well-known that rice invariably contains significant amounts of trace elements that accumulate through the environmental food chain For instance elevated Cd in rice were reported in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Meharg et al 2013) and in few other Asian countries (Watanabe et al 1996) while arsenic contaminated rice was reported in Bangladesh (Das et al 2004; Abedin et al 2002; Meharg and Rahman 2003) Trace elements such as Se, Mo, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn are well-known as micronutrients that help in the proper functioning of human biological systems, while nonessential elements such as Pb, As, Cd, Hg do not have any clear physiological functions (Underwood 1979; Dissanayake and Chandrajith 1999). Assessing Se levels in rice is extremely important since the majority of Se requirement is supplied from rice
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