Abstract
TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine with numerous biological functions that include modulation of spermatogenesis and apoptosis in addition to acting as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Spermatozoa may be exposed to abnormal levels of TNF-α in the male reproductive tract or along the passage in the female reproductive tract in cases of endometriosis. The objective of our study was to examine the toxic effects of TNF-α on human spermatozoa and to establish the minimum concentration that can affect both the sperm function and genomic integrity.
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