Towards participatory governance in the management of cultural heritage ecosystems: The Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape

Chapter 1. Local Economic Development in a Global Market How Economists View the World Models and Assumptions Individual Behavior and Utility Maximization Ideological Perspectives on Market Operations How Markets Work Supply and Demand Supply, Demand, and Efficiency Markets Are Not Always Efficient The Role of Profits Economic Development Defined Careers in LED The Nature of Regions Types of Regions Local, National, and Global Economic Development Chapter 2. Business Location, Expansion, and Retention Locational Factors Inertia Transportation Cost Minimizing Models Production Costs National Political Climate and Stability Opportunity Creation The Decision Making Process Motivations Practical Limitations on the Choice Process Steps in the Corporate Site Selection Process Changing Relative Importance of Locational Factors Surveys of Location Factors Survey Findings Past to Present Conducting Business Retention and Expansion Programs 3. Markets, Urban Systems, and Local Development Demand and Market Areas Demand in a Spatial Setting Competition for Markets Threshold Demand and Range Determinants of Market Size The Urban Hierarchy and Urban System Central Places Goods and Services According to Urban Rank Changing Urban Patterns An Evaluation of the Central-Place Approach Considerations Extraneous to Central-Place Theory Transportation Costs Market Overlap, Rate Absorption, and Price Discrimination Product Differentiation Agglomeration Economies Institutional Factors Non-employment Residential Locations and Commuting Empirical Evidence Globalization and Urban (City) Systems How to Measure Areas of Influence Survey Techniques Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation Probabilistic Models Retail Spending An Example Hinterland Expansion Strategies 4. Economic Interdependence and Local Structure Agglomeration Economies Internal Agglomeration Economies Direct Sales Purchases Linkages Localization Economies Urbanization Economies Recap Cluster Analysis Measures of Economic Structure North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) Location Quotients Estimating Export Employment with Location Quotients Surveys to Determine Export Activities Coefficients of Specialization Occupational Structure Other Aspects of Regional Structure 5. Regional Growth and Development Stages of Growth Industrial Filtering (Life Cycle Model) Adding New Work to Old How Do Cities Move from One State to the Next? Circular Flow Diagram Elements of the Circular Flow Model Equilibrium and Change The Multiplier The Export Base Theory of Growth The Formal Income Model How to Operationalize the Export Base Approach Impact Studies and Export Base Forecasts Critique of the Export-Base Approach Primacy of Exports Import Substitution Productivity Exports Not Always Exogenous Small versus Large Regions Feedbacks among Regions Non-basic Activities May Not Increase Long-Run Instability of the Multiplier Excessive Aggregation Supply-Side Approaches Intermediate Inputs Entrepreneurship Capital Land (Environmental Resources) Labor Supply and Demand Side Approaches: A Synthesis 6. Additional Tools for Regional Analysis Shift and Share Analysis An Application Critique Econometric and Simulation Models Econometric Models Caveats Importance-Strength Analysis Input-Output: Analysis The Transactions Table The Table of Direct Coefficients The Table of Direct and Indirect Coefficients Input-Output Applications 7. Institutionalist Perspectives on Local Development External Benefits from Economic Development Job and Income Creation Fiscal Improvement Physical Improvements Who Benefits From Growth? Characteristics of Resource Supply Opponents of Growth Subsidies, Competition and Economic Development Is Local Economic Development a Zero Sum Game? Inefficiency and Oversubsidization Discretionary versus Entitlement Subsidies Cost Minimization versus Human Capital Strategies Social Capital and Economic Development Generic Economic Problems and Social Capital Ambiguous Reception of Social Capital Social Capital and Local Development Strategies Using Social Capital to Mitigate Economic Development Conflicts Social Network Analysis: Getting the Right People to the Table Targeting Development Efforts Cluster-Based Economic Development 8. Local Economic Development in a Flattening World Models of Trade and Resource Flows Comparative Advantage Resource Mobility Economics of Migration Retiree-Migrant Development Strategy Mobility of Capital Innovations and Ideas Spatial Diffusion Implications for Regional Development Mobility and Development Policy Jobs-to-People versus People-to-Jobs Immigration and Urban Development 9. Land Use What Gives Land Value? Land Rents and Value The Nature of Rent, Productivity and Access Highest and Best Use The Land Development Process Developer Goals The Market Study Environmental Impact Statements Profit Feasibility The Development Decision Implications of Financial Analysis for LED Land-Use Patterns The Monocentric City Model The Desity Gradient Roads and Axial Development Agglomeration and the Multiple-Nuclear City Speculation Changing Land Use Patterns Evaluating Metropolitan Spread (Urban Sprawl) Land Use and Economic Development Tools Zoning and Its Critics Flexibility and Land Use Regulations The Eminent Domain Controversy Rights to Land and Economic Development 10. Housing and Neighborhood Development Fundamentals of Housing Economics Hedonic Pricing Uncertainty, Market Imperfections, and Competition Residential Location and Neighborhood Change The Filtering-Down Theory The Trade-Off Model The Cultural Agglomeration Model The Tiebout Model The Aggregate Economic Fallout Model Initiating and Perpetuating the Change Process Housing Policy Issues Rent Control versus Market Forces Income Support versus Housing Assistance Supply versus Demand Side Assistance Ghetto Dispersal versus Ghetto Improvement Dwelling-Unit versus Neighborhood Development Linkage Between Local Housing and Global Financial Markets Retail and Commercial Neighborhoods The Social Economy of Neighborhoods Community Development Corporations Cooperatives Community Gardens 11. Poverty and Lagging Regions The Nature of Poverty Conceptual Approaches Demographics of Poverty Spatial Concentrations of Urban Poverty Regional Linkages: The Spread and Backwash Effects Empirical Studies of Spatial Linkages Spatial Linkages and Theories of Spatial Poverty Policy Issues Strengthening Linkages Improving Productivity Addressing Wage Rigidities Employment Guarantee Schemes in India Income Support 12. Local Governance, Finance, and Regional Integration Spatial Perspectives on Government Functions Distribution and the Race to the Bottom Local Allocation Public Transportation - An Example Size and Scope of Local Governments Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Decision-Making Costs Improving Government Efficiency Using Prices and Fees Local Taxation and Economic Development Accountability Intergovernmental Competition Intergovernmental Grants and Coordination Rearranging Functions Privatization Market Based Reforms in Education Fiscal Impact and Benefit-Cost Studies Fiscal Impact Studies Benefit-Cost Analysis 13. Local Economic Development Planning The Future and Local Development Concern with Values and Attitudes Technological Change Systems Orientation Importance of Timing Planning Perspectives on Development Policy The Planning Process Limits of Planning Planning and Future Studies Tools Delphi Forecasting Games Scenarios Environmental Scanning About the Author

Local level economic development has eluded Ghana since independence. This was because most policies were centralized. As a result, focus was shifted to local economic development. This article comparatively examined the local economic development strategies implemented in three of Ghana’s Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. Using the mixed method and multiple case study approaches of research, the study sampled a total of 533 respondents across the three Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies and analyzed data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study gleaned that the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies implemented similar local economic development strategies which could be categorized into contemporary local economic development and traditional local economic development approaches. Challenges such as inadequate finance, land tenure system, lack of modern equipment among others were identified. The provision of a central pool for financing local economic development, harmonization of locality development policies, de-politicization of local economic development policies, the adoption of change management strategies in Ghana’s local governance system, effective land tenure system are recommended for the success of local economic development in Ghana.

This chapter investigates the role of communities and social groups in cultural heritage management, in the name of the participatory and cooperative processes promoted at the level of international law. The predominant focus will be on the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (the Faro Convention) and the innovative notion of heritage communities it introduces. Aware of the meaningful contribution that effective participatory processes ensure in the safeguarding of cultural heritage, heritage communities have carved out, and now increasingly claim, a decisive role in cultural heritage management, alone, in cooperation with public authorities, or even in contrast to those authorities. In addition, many social and civil groups already act as heritage communities themselves without being aware yet of the Faro Convention. Over the last decade, the initiatives developed on the ground by communities at the domestic level, and also through sharing experiences and suggestions at the transnational level, show how heritage communities in many European states identify themselves in places, traditions, tangible/intangible goods, and history and actively engage to protect, regenerate, and transmit them. At the same time, a push for heritage communities to engage in the definition, safeguarding, and management of cultural heritage reveals the contribution of civil society’s actions toward improving the quality of democratic processes, fostering local economic and social development, and addressing pressing current issues such as migrants’ inclusion, depopulation, and gentrification.

Contents: Foreword, Jeffrey A. Finkle Preface Part 1 Introduction: The importance of theory: linking theory to practice, James E. Rowe. Part 2 Defining the Discipline: Theory and practice in economic development: 80 entangled years in search of Panacea, Mark Miller The evolution of American (spatial) local and regional economic development policy and planning, Edward J. Blakely The theory and practice of developing locally, Andrew Beer. Part 3 Theoretical Concepts: 'Globalisation' and 'local economic development' in a globalising world: critical reflections on the theory-practice relation, Richard Le Heron Configuring to be globally competitive, Michael I. Luger Location theory, Philip McCann The theory behind business clusters, Martin Perry Regional economic development methods and analysis: linking theory to practice, Robert Stimson and Roger R. Stough The role of universities in theories of regional development, Paul Dalziel, Caroline Saunders and William Kaye-Blake Philosophies in entrepreneurship: a focus on economic theories, Luke Pittaway Theory and practice of technology-based economic development, Harvey A. Goldstein Social capital and local economic development, John P. Blair and Michael Carroll. Part 4 Theoretical Frameworks: Imperatives of enjoyment: economic development under globalisation, Michael Gunder Moving the discipline beyond metaphors, James E. Rowe Towards an alternative theoretical framework for understanding local economic development James E. Rowe Appendices Index.

A legtöbb szerző egységesen a helyi gazdaságfejlesztés céljaként a helyben élők helyzetének javítását jelöli meg. Ugyanakkor nem tisztázzák sem azt, hogy mit értenek a helyben élők jólétén, sem pedig azt, hogy a javasolt beavatkozások hogyan hatnak arra. Tanulmányunkban a helyi gazdaságfejlesztés jólétértelmezését fejtjük ki az egyik legnagyobb hatású kortárs közgazdaságtani/filozófiai gondolatrendszer, a képességszemlélet alapján. Azt vizsgáljuk, hogy a jólét fogalmával kapcsolatos különböző előfeltevések hogyan befolyásolják a helyi gazdaságfejlesztés célját, fókuszát és munkamódszerét.Tanulmányunkban megmutatjuk, hogy a képességszemléletre alapozott helyi gazdaságfejlesztés jelentősen különbözik az általunk eszközorientáltnak nevezett modelltől. Szemben az értéksemlegesnek és objektívnak gondolt szokásos fejlesztési megközelítésekkel, a képességszemlélet-alapú helyi gazdaságfejlesztés emberi értékeket középpontba állító, nyíltan értékvezérelt, közösségközpontú megközelítést kínál. Amellett érvelünk, hogy a képességszemlélet melletti elköteleződés nagyban segítheti a helyi fejlesztésekkel kapcsolatos kudarcok megértését és hozzájárulhat ahhoz, hogy olyan megoldások szülessenek, amelyek az eszközorientált modellben felismerhetetlenek. Rámutatunk arra is, hogy az érintettek aktív részvétele (a problémafeltárástól kezdve egészen a megoldások megtalálásáig és végrehajtásáig) a fejlesztés eredményétől függetlenül is értékes tevékenység, amely elősegítheti a helyi gazdaságfejlesztés sikerét.

This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to compare local and regional economic development (LRED). This book aims to provide a better understanding of how local economic development is currently practised in Australia, England, Northern Ireland, and the United States. It describes the institutional landscape of LRED, examines the different governance structures for LRED's delivery, and outlines the main funding systems for local development in each country. The book analyses some of the main differences within each country in terms of how local-development activities are conducted and provides a critical analysis of the views of practitioners of the most and least effective approaches to economic development in each country.

Introduction: Classic factor analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dimensions and attempts to identify valid subgroups have not yet produced definitive conclusions. Objective and Methods: This study aims to examine possible homogeneous subgrouping of demographic and phenomenological characteristics in 134 treatment-seeking OCD patients. A combination of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and latent class analysis (LCA) was used. Results: MCA showed 2 distinct subgroups of OCD patients and LCA confirmed this result by a two-class solution. Both analyses demonstrated (a) a clear subgroup of female patients with washing compulsions, obsessions related to contamination, and late age of onset and (b) a subgroup comprised mostly of male patients with earlier onset of OCD, checking rituals, and doubts or aggressive obsessions. Mental, ordering, hoarding compulsions, religious, or sexual obsessions and images appeared exclusively in this subgroup. Conclusions: Using 2 different analytic methods, we confirmed at least 2 subgroups in a clinical sample of Greek OCD patients. Future research combining dimensional and latent approaches could facilitate our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype of OCD.

Local Economic Development is at the epicentre of South Africa’s growth, and government is emphasising its implementation in policies, strategies and developmental goals of the country. Therefore, different government institutions, private sector entities, civil society organisations and even communities have been tasked with the implementation of Local Economic Development in their local areas. However, in reviewing the implementation processes, there is evidence of a lack of information sharing amongst all respective stakeholders as well as information quality constraints relating to relevant, accurate and up-to-date information regarding Local Economic Development implementation. The research in this paper undertook an exploratory approach aimed at identifying and establishing how a management information system can be customised to be used by all relevant Local Economic Development stakeholders within the province of KwaZulu-Natal and a framework was produced. A qualitative design was utilised through conducting 16 in-depth interviews with Local Economic Development managers from three government departments and district municipalities and one metropolitan municipality in KwaZulu-Natal and two development agencies. The overall findings of the paper revealed that there is currently no integrated management information system in place for Local Economic Development stakeholders to create, store and share critical information required for effective and efficient economic development practice. Results imply that such information sharing could, in turn, enhance Local Economic Development implementation in various ways if designed according to the needs of the users. Recommendations include each stakeholder to address internal-oriented data-management techniques for information management strategy or culture.

As a result of the reforms of decentralization and local self-government, territorial communities have received more resources and powers to dispose of them, in this sense, the issue of local development has become especially relevant for communities. The purpose of the article is to study the processes of local economic development of Olshanskе village council. In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks were set and solved: to investigate the meaning of the concept of “local economic development” and the factors influencing; at the theoretical level to investigate the actors of local economic development and their place in the management process; to analyze the socio-economic development of Olshanskе village council and identify the main problems of its local economic development; to explore the possibility of implementing forms of community cooperation in Olshanske village council. To achieve this goal, the article uses general and special research methods: method of theoretical generalization and comparison; hermeneutic; comparative and graphic; analysis and synthesis. The article forms one’s own vision of the concept of local economic development. It is established that decision-making procedures in local development management depend on the task performed. The local economic development of Olsha village council is characterized. In the course of the research, the authors determined that the LED of the village council is based on creative principles. The article substantiates that the use of community cooperation will be a promising tool for local development. It is established that for Olshanske settlement council the potential subject of cooperation is the Koblevsky village council of the Nikolaev area. The task of the cooperation will be to ensure the provision of services in the field of urban planning and architecture on the territory of Olsha village council in accordance with the requirements of current legislation and increase the efficiency of the use of local budgets

The purpose of the article is to study the conceptual foundations of local economic development in different countries of the world and provide recommendations on the possibility of adapting foreign experience for Ukraine. The article proposes the author’s own definition of the concept of «ensuring local economic development» from the point of view of a hierarchical approach as a system of public-managerial actions, measures and decisions aimed at increasing economic activity and satisfying local interests. The article explores the conceptual foundations of local economic development in the USA, Canada and Poland. Countries have different priorities, plans and areas of activity in local economic development, but it is common to take into account the economic realities of globalization, the balance of interests of a wide range of all stakeholders and partners, planning, the strategic nature of initiatives and the lack of unification of approaches to local economic development. The policy of ensuring local economic development in the United States in the context of modern challenges is being modernized, along with traditional instruments, novel methods of supporting local economic development appear. And the federal government plays a decisive and unique role in this process, developing policies of various influences on the regions and territories of the country based on their economic realities. Interesting conceptual directions for ensuring local economic development of Canadian territories in the current conditions are the conceptions of economic self-dependence and economic self-sufficiency, which are based on reducing dependence on the State-controlled subsidies, subventions, other economies, etc. The major role in the local economic development plays the Department of Regional and Local Development of Canada and Canadian Regional Development Agencies. Ensuring local economic development in Poland depends on the economic policies pursued by public authorities at the central, regional and local levels. Here it is worth noting a synchronized and proactive approach to the formation of strategic priorities, which includes taking into account the logical, spatial, temporal correspondence of all strategic attributes to achieve overall coherence of development directions at the national, regional and local levels, as well as significant support and financial assistance on the part of the European Union in the implementation of strategic goals of local economic development. Based on foreign experience, Ukraine needs to carry out the transformation of the State regional policy in order to develop and implement programs for the post-war recovery of regional economies. Local governments should focus on developing their own local economic development policy, which would be in line with the State regional policy of post-war recovery.

Local Economic Development (LED) revitalization objective to change view of stockholders included of Central Government, Regional Government, Non Government Institution, and community, for Local Economic Development (LED) to be instrument of developing economic activity was based on locally resources for increasing the sustainable of local community welfare. This research aims to give accuracy information for Regional Governmen of Sukoharjo used for make Local Economic Development (LED) action plan for sustainable, in short term, middle term, and long term. The method of this research was descriptive analysis. The analysis method used for Rapid Assesment Techniques For Local Economic Development (RAPID). The output of this research is including output identific of Local Economic Development factors, LED status and LED recommended in Sukoharjo Regency. The location of this research for LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, in accordance with LED frame work of Central Java Province based on developed of business clusters in Local Economic Development (LED) sectors. Object research of LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, whereas respondent are stockholders to hook with Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency. Based on this research output from RALED, it can be concluded that Sukoharjo Regency include in well categories viewed from six aspect of LED dimension, namely Target Groups, Location Factor, Synergy and Policy Focused, Sustainable Development, Government System, and Management Process. Unfortunately, based on specific value of many aspect of LED dimension in Sukoharjo Regency, it is still necessary to obtain serious attention from all stockholders particularly LED or FEDEP Forume (Forume Economic Development and Employment Promotion) in Sukoharjo Regency in the future. Therefore, it can increase many aspect of LED dimension to grow Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency, particularly related with many aspect of PEL dimension, among of Target Groups, Focus and Synergy Policies, Government System, and Management Process.

The article highlights the issue of coherence between sustainable construction and local economic development in the de-occupied and affected territories of Ukraine, especially in the context of hostilities and post-war reconstruction. The authors emphasize the critical role of the construction industry for the restoration of regions that have suffered significant destruction, and emphasize its importance as one of the main drivers of local economic development. The study is based on an analysis of the state of the construction industry in Ukraine before the start of the full-scale invasion and the changes that took place after the start of hostilities, in particular on the example of the Kyiv region, where more than 65% of the territories were destroyed. The article includes an overview of the current state of construction in wartime, which is accompanied by an analysis of statistical data on the volume of construction works, the dynamics of completed construction, investments in the construction industry and their impact on the economic indicators of the regions. The article emphasizes that construction activity activates the local economy through the creation of new jobs, attracting investment and supporting small and medium-sized businesses, but its impact on other areas, in particular the real estate market, is limited. The methodological basis of the study is the adapted matrix of the impact of construction on local economic development proposed by the authors. This matrix takes into account key socio-economic and sectoral indicators, their dynamics and areas of influence, which allows for a systematic assessment of the relationship between construction and development of the region. To check the effectiveness of the proposed methods, examples from the Kyiv region were used, where the indicators of the volume of construction works, the level of employment, revenues of local budgets and the volume of capital investments were analyzed. In addition, the article considers the multiplier effect of construction through the calculation of multipliers of income, taxes and the real estate market. The analysis shows that although construction activities have a significant impact on tax revenues and provide funding for local budgets, their effectiveness in increasing household incomes and stabilizing the real estate market is less significant. This may be due to the fact that a significant portion of construction costs are directed to materials and services from other regions, as well as a shortage of completed construction projects in 2023. The conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of strengthening the participation of local governments, the public and construction companies in the reconstruction and recovery processes. A number of measures aimed at improving coordination between construction projects and local economic development strategies have been proposed, which will help attract investment, return of the population and relocation of business to the regions.

Over the past two decades a major burst of scholarship has occurred around tourism and local economic development futures in South Africa. This study addressed the question of key stakeholder perceptions of local economic development through tourism as the economic driver. In addition, it examines the challenges for enhancing the local development role of the tourism sector. Arguably, stakeholders at the coalface of tourism and local development issues, such as tourism business owners and local government officials, can offer useful insights into the everyday problems of maximizing the impact of tourism in local municipalities. The focus is on the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality (KSDM) in Eastern Cape province. The results are presented and dissected from 33 interviews conducted with private sector stakeholders as well as 20 government stakeholders. Stakeholder perceptions were investigated concerning three major themes: (1) the role and prospects for tourism and local economic development, (2) the use of municipal assets for tourism development; and, (3) the challenges facing tourism businesses for local economic development The research findings underscore several factors that explain the decline of the tourism economy of KSDM since 2006 and reduced its contribution to local economic development. Central issues surround crime and safety, infrastructural deficiencies, and shortcomings of the local government itself, including its failure to maintain critical municipal assets essential for tourism development.

During this globalization era management of cultural heritage has developed from management for national or government’s interest to cultural heritage management for the general public. Studies on management that includes the general public are part of studies of public archaeology, which investigate interaction between archaeology and the general public. The general public is considered able and has the right to manage their cultural heritage. The problem is how archaeology can be a necessity to the public and becomes part of their daily life. Field research shows that almost all the megalithic remains in the Pasemah area, South Sumatra, particularly the statues, are broken, and many stone burials and dolmens are taken to be used as washing boards or building foundations. This research is aimed at finding out the suitable model for public-based management of cultural heritage in the Pasemah area in particular. The method used here is descriptive-explanative, explaining the phenomenon of archaeological remains and their surroundings, conducting in-depth interviews and focused discussions with the parties that have interests in the management of the cultural heritage. The result is an understanding about involving the general public in archaeological works and making archaeology as part of the profane life. asilnya adalah sebuah pemahaman tentang pelibatan masyarakat dalam arkeologi dan menjadikan arkeologi sebagai bagian dari kehidupan yang profan. The benefit of this research is, aside from to preserve the cultural heritage of Pasemah area, is to encourage the people to be proud of their culture as part of the national identity.

The paper dials with the results of studying the main components of a process of planning local economic development of the amalgamated territorial communities. Author focuses on current issues facing local governments in implementing an effective policy of local economic development. It substantiates the necessity of forming a Local Economic Development Working Group and points the requirements for its members. Author argues the necessity to diversify a Local Economic Development Working Group by criterion of belonging its members to various categories of local economic development stakeholders. The arguments for involving business and community to the planning process of amalgamated territorial communities’ local economic development identified. The importance to develop an Economic Profile of amalgamated territorial communities as an analytical document defined as well as double meaning of the document for an amalgamated territorial community. The paper defines potential users of economics profile of amalgamated territorial community. Author proposes the structure of an analytical document and determines the requirements for the content of its five sections. Priority tools for activating local economic development of amalgamated territorial communities identified. The general tendencies of choosing the priority instruments of local economic development of amalgamated territorial communities by the members of the working group noted. There are arguments concerning expediency of introducing the priority instruments of local economic development of amalgamated territorial communities from the point of view of the data of the economic profile, in particular there are arguments concerning cooperative movement in agriculture. The priority instrument of local economic development for amalgamated territorial communities with significant recreational potential and poorly equipped tourist infrastructure is determined. Thus, in the process of planning local economic development of the amalgamated territorial communities it is necessary to focus on the following important components: creation Local Economic Development Working Group, drawing up an Economic Profile, choosing the priority instruments of local economic development and justification expediency for their implementation.