Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this fatal disease has been the leading cause of the death of more than 3.9 million people around the world. This tragedy taught us that we should be well-prepared to control the spread of such infectious diseases and prevent future hazards. As a consequence, this pandemic has drawn the attention of many researchers to the development of portable platforms with short hands-on and turnaround time suitable for batch production in urgent pandemic situations such as that of COVID-19. Two main groups of diagnostic assays have been reported for the detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) including nucleic acid-based and protein-based assays. The main focus of this paper is on the latter, which requires a shorter time duration, less skilled technicians, and faces lower contamination. Furthermore, this paper gives an overview of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) biosensors, which are potentially useful for implementing point-of-care (PoC) platforms based on such assays. CMOS technology, as a predominant technology for the fabrication of integrated circuits, is a promising candidate for the development of PoC devices by offering the advantages of reliability, accessibility, scalability, low power consumption, and distinct cost.
Highlights
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the new coronavirus2019 has affected 220 countries and territories around the world and has created a medical and socio-economic crisis [1]
Antigen immunoassays are usually sensitive and provide the results in a significantly shorter duration of time compared with the reference technologies, they suffer from moderate specificity and probably miss the active COVID-19 infections and report false-negative results [44,45]
These devices are functionalized with specific antibody molecules which bind to the viral structural protein(s) and have been demonstrated to detect various concentrations of the target antigens based on both the nature of the employed materials and the quality of the device, considering the probable errors
Summary
2019 has affected 220 countries and territories around the world and has created a medical and socio-economic crisis [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), RT-PCR, as the gold standard strategy for detecting COVID-19 or validating the results [17] This technology is highly sensitive with low cross-reactions and is recommended for SARS-CoV-2 sensing, especially in the initial phase of the disease before symptom onset [18]. Standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology by offering the striking features of reliability, accessibility, considerably low cost, low power consumption, and most importantly scalability and the rapid design-to-product cycle is the best alternative technology to develop PoC devices during an urgent pandemic situation such as COVID-19 This technology allows for the monolithic integration of a large number of highspeed biosensors and actuators on a single chip and gives the opportunity of high-throughput measurements in a short time.
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