Towards a Dramatization of the Anglo-Ijebu Conflict of 1892: Creating a Script

The study examines how the discovery of crude oil in Nigeria gave birth to the recent phenomena of multinationalisation/internationalisation of business and globalisation which brought together people from different socio-cultural backgrounds to work together in the various workplaces thereby making managing diversity problematic. With the resulting challenges, the paper presents the need for greater attention to be placed on examining the complexities of workplace diversity in the Nigerian workplace and the implication for the future of multinational businesses and their employees in this location. Study Design: This paper relies on descriptive qualitative research methodology and will examine the impact of the influx of foreign workers on the already diverse workforce Place and Duration of Study: Nigeria from 1950's (before the discovery of crude oil) to 1956 (after the discovery of oil) Methods and Methodology: The study relied on secondary sources of data on non-oil exports (cocoa beans, in the South-West, Groundnut in the North and Oil palm in the South East) in the 1950's and the discovery of crude oil in 1956 at Oloibiri. This paper employs a descriptive and historical research methodology through secondary

Authors’ Introduction Poised at the beginning of the twentieth century, F. T. Marinetti claimed in his 1909 ‘Futurist Manifesto’: We are on the furthest promontory of the ages! ... Why should we be looking back over our shoulders, if what we desire is to smash down the mysterious doors of the Impossible? Time and Space died yesterday. We are living already in the realms of the Absolute, for we have already created infinite, omnipresent speed. (14) Scholars have long noted that major scientific discoveries during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Einstein's theory of relativity, as well as new technological innovations such as the railway, the telegraph, and the cinema brought into question and, for some, radically altered the traditional Western concept of time as stable and objectively measurable. This change is reflected in the work of early modernist writers, who consciously explored alternative notions of time, and avant‐garde and postmodern writers further extended these experiments. By tracing how these early literary experiments with time developed over the course of the twentieth century, this article not only reflects the persistence of our interest in questions of time but also opens for consideration the question of how literature and literary theory have actively contributed to our still changing conception of time and how we perceive it. Authors Recommend: Karen Newman, Jay Clayton, and Marianne Hirsch, eds., Time and the Literary (New York: Routledge, 2002). This edition contains essays on philosophical, cybernetic, and scientific concepts of time and their applications to literature. Especially recommended is Clayton's essay on ‘Genome Time’. C. S. Patrides, ed., Aspects of Time (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976). A worthwhile collection and Richard Schechner's essay, ‘There's Lots of Time in Godot ’ is very useful. Ricardo Quinones, The Renaissance Discovery of Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972). Quinones describes the historical, social, and technological backgrounds to the understanding of time in the West since the Renaissance. This provides a good lead in to Stephen Kern's account of conceptions of time since 1880, as well as way in to Shakespearean chronologies. Brian Richardson, ‘ “Time is Out of Joint”: Narrative Models and the Temporality of the Drama’, Poetics Today 8 (1987): 299–310. Richardson examines time in drama. Ursula Heise, Chronoschims: Time, Narrative, and Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). This is the best book‐length study of postmodern temporality. Wyndham Lewis, Time and Western Man (Santa Rasa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1993 [1927]). Lewis provides a dissenting (indeed, eccentric) contemporary response to what he called ‘the time children’. David Carr, Time, Narrative, and History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). Carr gives a suggestive approach to time in historical narratives from the perspective of European philosophy (especially Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau‐Ponty). Online Materials: http://www.studyoftime.org The International Society for the Study of Time This link will allow you to access their journal, KronoScope , papers from their conference, and reviews of recent books on time. http://narrative.georgetown.edu/ International Society for the Study of Narrative The ISSN is a non‐profit organization dedicated to the study of narrative in various kinds of media. Visit their Web site for access to the ISSN's journal, Narrative , teaching resources, and wiki. http://www.columbia.edu/~bwr2001/papers/selectivity.pdf Bruce Robbins, ‘Temporizing: Time and Politics in the Humanities and Human Rights’. boundary 2 32.1 (Spring 2005): 191–208. Robbins's article discusses the concept of time within the context of issues of ethics, forgiveness, and restitution. Exploring the intersection between differing concepts of temporality, human rights discourse, and the humanities, he argues in favour of what he calls a ‘ “progressive” temporality’ that makes recovery and reconciliation possible. http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/theory/pomo.html The Po‐Mo Page: Postmodern, Postmodernism, Postmodernity Created by Martin Irvine at Georgetown University, this site offers an explanation of the two major movements in Western literature in the twentieth century, modernism and postmodernism, including changing notions of narrative and narrative form. http://collection.eliterature.org/1/works/andrews__stir_fry_texts.html Interesting Digital Experiments with Time and Narrative: Stir Fry Texts by Jim Andrews Stir Fry Texts is a digital work of art based on postmodern experiments with textual and visual ‘cut ups’, similar to those produced by William S. Burroughs and Salvador Dali. http://collection.eliterature.org/1/works/holeton__frequently_asked_questions_about_hypertext.html Frequently Asked Questions about ‘Hypertext’ by Richard Holeton Using a narrative model similar to that of Nabokov's Pale Fire , Holeton's Frequently Asked Questions about ‘Hypertext’ requires readers to reconstruct the chronology of a story from episodes recounted in critical commentary on a primary text. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://agrippa.englis

The article attempts to systematize the components of the methodology of historical and legal research, which should be applied in the research of the ideological and theoretical basis of implementation of the principle of separation of powers. Consideration of the components of the methodology of historical and legal research was carried out using the example of the Republic of Poland, which has a long history of origin, development and implementation of the idea of separation of powers and today, like Ukraine, is still in the period of its political and legal transformation from a post-communist state to a developed democratic state.

A lot of cities located in Kharkiv oblast are in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine. Among them, the town of Izium deserves special attention because of its rich history. However, Izium remains underexplored, which makes the historical research of its urban planning a relevant and important issue . Author presents his research findings of the Izium town area, which he made in 2018 being a member of the civil society organization “POG “Instytut Kulturnoi Spadshchyny” under All-Ukrainian Committee on Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, participating in the creation of the design and specifications for the Historical and Architectural Outline Plan of Izium in Kharkiv region. It defines the boundaries of the protected areas around historical monuments and historical sites and arrangements for their use. The purpose of the research was to study the historic and architectural processes that took place within the town area in the 17th-18th centuries and to determine the peculiarities of the local urban planning. The object of the research includs the area of Izium listed in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine (dated 1639 (Serdyuk, Bobrovsky, & Kirilenko, 2011, p. 562)), the town plan and landscape. The urban space and structure of Izium became the subject of the research . The author followed the commonly used methodology of historical research on urban planning and historical landmarks preservation (Vecherskyi, 2011). The selected methodology of the research of the historical and architectural heritage of the town became the key success factor. The author examined the town area taking into account major historical milestones and key urban structure elements (industrial settlement, town, railway, town-forming enterprises, the historical center of the town, etc.) The author also used the methodology of historical and architectural evaluation of the city structure (the main criterion was chronological, the secondary criteria were composition and landscape), which helped to estimate the condition of the historical center planning. Based on the retrospective and geographic analysis of archival records, literary sources, maps dated 17th-18th centuries and on-site inspection the author studied the prerequisites of urban planning in the town of Izium and surrounding landscapes of the Siverskyi Donets river valley. The study of previously made research and analysis of historical maps helped to get a more comprehensive picture of the urban development processes occurring at different times within the area and dynamics of the town planning development. The originality of the research is in finding the laws of origin and evolution of Izium town planning patterns in the 17th-18th centuries and major peculiarities of the town’s history. The results and conclusions of the research contributed to the creation of historical and architectural outline plan of the city and the determination of the size and dimensions of conservation areas and specification of their use. The historical and architectural outline plan can be used during the design of the General Urban Growth and Development Plan and zoning of the town area.

In descriptive studies, where the source and target texts are the main primary sources (‘primary text products’), ‘extra-textual’ sources are looked at with ‘circumspection’. However, in historical research methodologies they are central. This article examines the use and value of archives, manuscripts and, especially, translator papers, post-hoc accounts and interviews in producing a history of translation and translators. Rather than informing a ‘traditional’ Rankean history of facts and major personalities, the article underlines the potential value of such material in creating a ‘microhistory’, reclaiming the details of the everyday lives and working processes of sometimes little-known or forgotten translators and contextualising them to construct a social and cultural history of translation and translators. Sometimes these sources are housed in collections where translation may not be very visible, which creates problems of location. Examples are given from the autobiography of A. Birse and research on the working papers of Sam Hileman, Andrew Hurley, Bernard Miall and Margaret Sayers Peden.

Every society in Indonesia has its own education pattern. The people of West Sumatra are no exception. Education in West Sumatra has been going on for a long time, since pre-Islamic times in the 14th century, until the influence of the Dutch in education in the 19th century. This research uses historical research methodology using primary sources from colonial archives in the form of besluit (decision letters), and secondary sources in the form of books and scientific journals. This research aims to see how the pattern of education in West Sumatra from the 14th Century to the 19th Century produced national movement figures. The results of this research found that the education pattern in West Sumatra society is divided into two, namely traditional education which has existed since pre-Islamic times and post-modern Islamization. Both modern education has existed since the arrival of colonial influence, which was marked by the establishment of volkschools in West Sumatra in the mid-19th century. All educational processes have their respective roles. Traditional education aims to prepare members of West Sumatra society to live based on existing customs. Meanwhile, post-Islamization education with the influence of Western nations aims to produce government employees.

Taqbil, a customary practise in the Malay States, is exercise by non-saiyyids (Malay and Pro-Irshadi) to kiss a saiyyid's hand in order to show respect or obtain the latter's blessing. The chain of events that unfolded in the 1930s until 1941 altered Muslims' perceptions regarding taqbil. This paper attempts to analyze the debate surrounding the practise of taqbil in the period under study. Some began to question the practise of taqbil on the basis of equality and social status principles, claiming that taqbil is incompatible with Islamic teaching. Thus, the discussion also illustrates criticism raised by non-saiyyids especially the Malays against the saiyyid Alawiyyin. Arguments presented in this paper are derived from secondary and primary sources such as files, documents, and newspapers published within the period of study. Those were analysed based on historical research methodology. Findings suggest that the conflict and bickering regarding the practise of taqbil intensified towards the end of the 1930s and the early 1940s. In conclusion, on the eve of the Second World War, Muslims were divided into groups based on their perceptions toward the practise of taqbil and those involved refuse to budge even an inch citing religion or nationalism as the biggest reason for their dogged determination.

This article addresses the complexities of Christian relations in Jerusalem during the 17th century, the outcomes of this conflict, and the measures taken by the Ottoman state to curb this chronic phenomenon that created a dilemma for all people. The article also aims to reveal the interventions carried out by European countries that considered Jerusalem their main entry to the Holy Land, given the divisions among those states and the impact each had on their denominations in Jerusalem. The increasing sectarian tension was, in part, exacerbated by those states themselves, under the pretext of protecting their interests represented each by their own parishioners. The significance of this article stems from lack of standalone studies addressing this topic during the 17th century.The analysis was conducted by referring to archival sources, primarily the records of the Ottoman Sharia court in Jerusalem, which is the primary source containing details and precursors besides other Ottoman archives. The said documents were analyzed using a historical research methodology with an analytical and deconstructive approach. It is hoped that this article will contribute in pinpointing topics of contention that emerged in Jerusalem among the Christian denominations during the 17th century, while revealing the consequences thereof, and documenting the setbacks those denominations in particular and Jerusalem in general have suffered from. It is also an attempt to explore the impact of European countries on this issue and subsequent repercussions.In light of the objectives set in this article, the outcomes align with these objectives, suggesting that Christianity has existed in Jerusalem throughout history without interruption, and that the different denominations were in continuous competition—a competition that never subsided. The pillars of this competition are attributed to religious differences given the diversity of Christian denominations and relevant ethnic affiliations. The vigor of this conflict is attributed to the influence of some European countries, on one hand, and the Ottomans’ position vis-à-vis this issue, on the other hand.

This article addresses the complexities of Christian relations in Jerusalem during the 17th century, the outcomes of this conflict, and the measures taken by the Ottoman state to curb this chronic phenomenon that created a dilemma for all people. The article also aims to reveal the interventions carried out by European countries that considered Jerusalem their main entry to the Holy Land, given the divisions among those states and the impact each had on their denominations in Jerusalem. The increasing sectarian tension was, in part, exacerbated by those states themselves, under the pretext of protecting their interests represented each by their own parishioners. The significance of this article stems from lack of standalone studies addressing this topic during the 17th century.The analysis was conducted by referring to archival sources, primarily the records of the Ottoman Sharia court in Jerusalem, which is the primary source containing details and precursors besides other Ottoman archives. The said documents were analyzed using a historical research methodology with an analytical and deconstructive approach. It is hoped that this article will contribute in pinpointing topics of contention that emerged in Jerusalem among the Christian denominations during the 17th century, while revealing the consequences thereof, and documenting the setbacks those denominations in particular and Jerusalem in general have suffered from. It is also an attempt to explore the impact of European countries on this issue and subsequent repercussions.In light of the objectives set in this article, the outcomes align with these objectives, suggesting that Christianity has existed in Jerusalem throughout history without interruption, and that the different denominations were in continuous competition—a competition that never subsided. The pillars of this competition are attributed to religious differences given the diversity of Christian denominations and relevant ethnic affiliations. The vigor of this conflict is attributed to the influence of some European countries, on one hand, and the Ottomans’ position vis-à-vis this issue, on the other hand.

The article explores the application of large language models for interpreting the results of topic modeling in historical texts. The author proposes a novel approach to address the issues of subjectivity and labor-intensiveness associated with traditional methods of interpreting topics obtained through machine learning algorithms. The study uses the mid-19th century diary of gymnasium student V. I. Chemezov as its primary material. The methodology includes constructing a topic model of the diary using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, developing a specialized prompt for language models, and conducting a comparative analysis of interpretations obtained from various language models (GPT 4, Claude, Llama 3.1). The results demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed approach: language models successfully interpret complex and ambiguous topics, taking into account the historical context and emotional subtext of the entries. The author notes that using language models significantly accelerates the process of topic interpretation while maintaining high-quality analysis. The article also discusses the limitations of the method. The author emphasizes that the proposed approach does not replace expert knowledge of historians but complements researchers&amp;apos; toolkit, creating a new paradigm in historical research where artificial intelligence technologies act as intellectual assistants. The study concludes that the development of this approach could lead to significant progress in the methodology of historical research, opening new possibilities for analyzing and interpreting historical sources in the digital age. The author highlights the potential of this method to overcome subjective biases in interpretation and its ability to process large volumes of textual data efficiently. By combining the strengths of machine learning algorithms with the contextual understanding capabilities of large language models, this approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing the depth and breadth of historical analysis in the era of digital humanities.

This article examines the formation of restrictions on access, against the background of the general attitudes of society, the methodology of historical research and the development of archival science before and after the French Revolution up to the end of the 20th century. A detailed survey of the central archives of European states, based on the responses received from 23 countries, introduces a comparative view of the situation regarding access to archives in the early years of the 21st century. Resulting the analysis of restrictions on access as practised in European archives today, the authors stress on some ideas addressed to researches in the future. For instance, could a restricted access to an archival document make the situation for a researcher worse or better than if the document did not exist at all: Or —could the increasing protection of personal privacy affect some global processes besides the archives and historical researches.

American Religion 1, no. 2 (Spring 2020), pp. 136–138 Copyright © 2020, The Trustees of Indiana University • doi: 10.2979/amerreli.1.2.08 Book Review Spencer Dew, The Aliites: Race and Law in the Religions of Noble Drew Ali (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019) Emily Suzanne Clark Gonzaga University, Spokane, USA When I first dove into the primary sources on Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple of America I thought, “there really should be more work on this group.” Spencer Dew has done the field of American religion a huge favor with his book, The Aliites: Race and Law in the Religions of Noble Drew Ali. This is a smart book that makes a significant contribution to a number of sub-fields within our discipline. Additionally, Dew’s achievement here encourages all scholars of religion to reflect on how our subjects understand their complex identities and how we as scholars interrogate the layers of those identities. In The Aliites Dew focuses on three religious communities that developed from the ideas of Noble Drew Ali: the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Nuwaubian Yamassee, and the Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah. By attending to these three groups, who he terms the Aliites, Dew’s book is able to span much of the twentieth century and into contemporary America. The book’s central arguments focus on the ideas of the Aliites and how these ideas shape their negotiations with broader American culture. The main threads of Aliite thought Dew untangles are nationality, law, and citizenship. He illuminates how Aliites theorize racial uplift and racial (mis)identification. The self-knowledge that comes with recognizing their true nationality (rather than the identities forced upon Emily Suzanne Clark 137 them by broader American culture) leads to an understanding of Allah’s true law and salvation. God’s law will always be true, even if the everyday world does not abide by it. Aliites, therefore, live their identity by critiquing the discrepancies between the secular legal system and Allah’s law, even as they appeal to the power of the state to support their desired criticisms and corrections. This is because salvation comes with citizenship: citizenship meaning both the empowerment that comes with correct self-identification and engagement with a pluralistic, religiously diverse, democratic society. The book has a clever organization. Rather than tell a chronological narrative , Dew structures the book around how Aliites interpret the Great Seal of the United States. Aliite thinkers approach the seal in a variety of ways, most of which argue that it is deeply connected to their identity. With this organization, Dew tells a thematically-driven story, and each chapter continues to unpack Aliites’ understandings of racial identity, citizenship, sovereignty, and law. Aliite thought often is misunderstood by outsiders, such as police officers, judges, and legal activists. Dew is dedicated to understanding the Aliites on their own terms, rather than how outsiders see them. This is not an easy task, and Dew’s brief reflections on his authorial location in the Introduction demonstrate that he is not naïve about this. He is honest about the difficulty in studying Aliite thought and how his approach to the task developed over time, especially as he expanded the book beyond the Moorish Science Temple of America and included the two later groups, the Nuwaubian Yamassee and the Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah. There are a lot of differences between the three Aliite groups, but as Dew informs readers early on, they all united through “Ali’s teachings on citizenship and law, privileging engagement with the state and the state’s legal system in order to achieve recognition and to transform society” (13). The book’s organization allows Dew to engage all three groups in each chapter, which allows readers to see that unifying strand of thought and observe how various Aliite communities engage with their specific historical, social, cultural, and legal contexts. Each chapter builds on the previous ones while also providing a stand-alone look at a specific element of Aliite thought. Rather than provide an overview of each chapter, I want to focus briefly on chapter seven, which examines “Aliite social experiments” and how they demonstrate the Aliite “project of...

Current issues related to the study of the history of the Great Silk Road based on the modern methods of scientific research methodology were discussed. Historical research methodology provides an opportunity to easily imagine the chosen topic in the student's mind by researching historical research topics with the help of visual and visual materials. The article discusses the role of the study of the history of the Great Silk Road through the territory of Euroasia historigraphy. The theoretical basis of the methodological research of the article is the new ideas expressed in the works of historians of scholars - the comments, conclusions expressed in lectures and speeches, as well as the scientific views of historians on this topic. There are also comments on the comparative methodological basis of the study of the history of the Great Silk Road.

Veer Savarkar, whose real name is Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, is a controversial yet significant figure in India's independence movement and sociopolitical discourse. Savarkar was an academic, social reformer, and revolutionary leader whose accomplishments go beyond his direct involvement in the fight for independence. This book explores his many facets, including his philosophical contributions, revolutionary ambitions, and the concepts' ongoing relevance in modern-day India. Savarkar's writings, biographical narratives, and academic analyses are among the primary and secondary sources used in this historical research methodology. His leadership in the Indian revolutionary movement, his formulation of Hindutva as a political and cultural ideology, and his reformist views on caste and untouchability are among the main themes. Quantitative data and comparative analyses are integrated to provide a nuanced understanding of his impact. Savarkar’s revolutionary efforts, including as his position in India House in London and his articulation of the 1857 rebellion as India’s first struggle of independence, are studied in detail. His social reform efforts, particularly his advocacy for rationalism, meritocracy, and societal unity, are studied to underline his vision of a progressive India. The study also looks at how applicable Savarkar's ideas are to today's problems, including social justice, cultural identity, and national cohesion. The research is enhanced with tables, charts, and graphs that provide visual depictions of his sociopolitical impact and ideological influence. The study also emphasizes how crucial it is to include Savarkar's legacy into contemporary educational frameworks in order to encourage students' critical thinking and cultural sensitivity. In addition to revisiting Savarkar's accomplishments, this thorough examination establishes him as a significant thinker whose theories still influence and challenge India's sociopolitical and cultural environment. The study intends to offer insightful information to academics, educators, and politicians by connecting the past and present.

Using qualitative, analytical, and historical research methodology, this article examines the inconsistencies of the political movements that occurred in Nepal for the institutionalization of a democratic system of governance. For many years, the political movement for social change in Nepal has struggled against the immediate government's authoritarian rule. The majority of people have organized together and revolted over time for the attainment of democracy, freedom, equality, and the rule of law in addition to human rights. There have been several turmoil observed between the social revolution and the political movement. It scrutinizes the origin, nature, dynamics, and mobilization of political movements as it was targeted to transform prevailing dominant social, economic, and political disorder. Every political shift ought to be in the best interests of millions of people. The study has extensively been more historical, descriptive and analytical. This paper suggests ways to solve the expectations of the people awaken after the political transformation in different stages with the critical study and analysis of historical and legal primary and secondary sources manifested by the political forces pre and post-political transitoriness.