Towards a cognitive-lexicological approach to onomastic terminology: Cross-linguistic insights from English, Italian, Polish, and Slovak

<p>Celem artykułu jest przegląd prac w obszarze słowiańskim na temat terminologii onomastycznej, które stanowią integralną część badań onomastyki słowiańskiej w skali lokalnej i globalnej. Metoda badania uwzględnia zestawienie i skonfrontowanie oraz ocenę wpływu najważniejszych ujęć historycznych i współczesnych słowiańskiej terminologii onomastycznej. Pytanie badawcze podkreśla stanowisko, że ważny wkład w rozwój międzynarodowych koncepcji terminologii onomastycznej wnieśli onomaści słowiańscy (czescy, słowaccy, polscy, rosyjscy, bałkańscy), w wielu przypadkach aktywni także na obszarach niesłowiańskich, takich jak np. kraje niemieckojęzyczne. Materiał badawczy stanowią propozycje ujęć terminologicznych wybranych szkół i zespołów onomastycznych, aktywnych w skali krajowej, ale jednocześnie międzynarodowej, począwszy od lat 60. XX wieku, w tym przede wszystkim: dawnej i nowej czesko-słowackiej szkoły onomastycznej, podkomisji terminologicznej Komisji Onomastyki Słowiańskiej, rosyjskiej szkoły onomastycznej, onomastów chorwackich. Krytyczne spojrzenie na niektóre koncepcje oraz potrzeba scalenia aparatu terminologiczno-pojęciowego pozwalają dziś uzasadnić ponowne próby opracowania słowiańskiej terminologii onomastycznej. Wynikiem badania jest ocena rangi i wpływu najważniejszych osiągnięć poszczególnych szkół i zespołów, dotąd publikowanych lub projektowanych w postaci glosariuszy inwentaryzacyjnych i systemowych oraz opisów teoretycznych. We wnioskach podkreślono, że obecnie promowane są koncepcje tematyczne i korpusowe terminologii onomastycznej. Prace według tego metodologicznego klucza prowadzone są na Słowacji i w Polsce. Artykuł jest pierwszą częścią szerszego studium na temat rozwoju międzynarodowej terminologii onomastycznej. Praca jest wkładem w rozwój teorii nazw własnych.</p><p> </p>

Every language has its share of odd or idiosyncratic words, expressions, idioms, and collocational ranges for its vocabulary. For example, Arabic has many lexemes, phrases and expressions which use the plural, but which translate into English in the singular. The plural in the datum in question is overtly marked in Arabic, and what it refers to can be explained in terms of the notion of a semantically transparent plurality; e.g., ςilmu llahajaat (science/NOM/the dialect/PL) ‘the science of dialects’ = ‘dialectology’. Semantic transparency can be defined as a literal cognitive mapping of an idea, thought or concept, or as “guessability” for the native speaker. Thus, ‘eye doctor’ is semantically transparent, since native speakers know the meanings of ‘eye’ and ‘doctor’; however, ‘ophthalmologist’ is semantically opaque since its morphemic parts are not readily discernable. Returning to the notion of ‘dialectology’, from the viewpoint of the logic of semantic and cognitive structure, ‘dialectology’ studies dialects, usually many dialects—not merely one, and thus the marking of the plural makes logical sense. In other words, the Arabic plural marking instantaneously denotes reference to numerous dialects (in the plural!)—the object of the study of dialectology.The aim of this essay is to shed light on conceptual structure in human cognition by examining aspects of its linguistic representation. It looks at a formal property of morphological structure, viz., number marking from its conceptual perspective. The basic thesis of the article is that a singular (noun) in English may often be rendered as a plural (noun) in Arabic (Modern Standard and the colloquials), and that this common trait of the language can be explained or accounted for cognitively in terms of the notion of semantic transparency.Using a cognitive linguistic framework directly linked to thought and conceptual structure, this research suggests that an Arabic speaker conceives of the mental construct ςilmu llahajaat as a plurality parallel to the plural notion inherent in maςluumaat ‘information’. ‘Mountain climbing’ similarly is tasalluqu ljibaal, ‘the climbing of mountains’, or ‘body building’ is kamaalu l?ajsaam, ‘the perfection of the bodies’. Of course, the English speaker knows (or is aware of the fact) that mountain climbing involves a huge effort, and one must usually practice climbing many mountains to become proficient in the sport. The interesting thing here is that this very idea of practicing climbing numerous mountains is made semantically transparent in Arabic by the use of the overt plural marking, as opposed to the unmarked singular of English. The aforementioned subjects are thoroughly explored in this essay, with many examples from Arabic and other languages provided for illustrative and comparative purposes. Although Arabic prefers pluralization in a majority of examples, there are several notable exceptions to the general tendency in various lexical items and expressions. Reasons will be adduced to explain the majority of these.

Society and name use. Hungarian onomastic research projects in Slovakia. A summary of a habilitation dissertation
 The aim of the habilitation dissertation is to provide insight into the Hungarian-related onomastic research projects in Slovakia; into the relationship between society and name use; and into the contact phenomena arising from the connection between the Hungarian and the Slovak languages in the world of proper names. The dissertation consists of ten chapters that are thematically inter-related; however, they discuss the subjects of society and the use of proper names, the name use of Hungarians in Slovakia, the impacts of the Hungarian-Slovak bilingual environment on proper names from various aspects. The chapters also deal with several issues from the history of onomastic scholarship as well as onomastic terminology. The chapters deal with the topics as follows: (1) The place of onomastics in the system of linguistics and co-sciences and a review on the research domains of socio-onomastics focusing on the relations between society and name use; (2) The history of onomastic research projects in Slovakia; (3) A comparison of Hungarian and Slovak (Slavic) onomastic terminology; (4) The characteristics of the minority name policy in Slovakia after the change of the political regime; (5) Proper name standardization and name planning in the native language in Slovakia; (6) The identity-making function of proper names, the relationship between name and identity; (7) The change of fashion in giving first names in Slovakia; (8) Contact phenomena in the use of personal names of the Hungarians living in Slovakia; (9) The semiotic landscape of names in the Hungarian-inhabited settlements of Slovakia; (10) The Hungarian–Slovak pairs of mountain names in the High Tatras in the light of bilingualism and translation.

Summary In the Phoenician inscriptions from Byblos, the most prominent deity is Baalat Gubal, “Lady of Byblos.” She has been identified with Astarte, Anat, Aschera, Aphrodite, Isis, and Hathor. The urge to find her “true name” is based on the assumption that “Lady of Byblos” cannot be a proper name, as it is semantically transparent. The paper uses categories of linguistic onomastics to demonstrate that “Lady of Byblos” can be a proper name. As the conventions of writing in two Byblian inscriptions distinguish between proper names and titles, they are ameans to prove that “Lady of Byblos” was indeed seen as a proper name by the ancient Byblians.Moreover, its semantic transparency is not exceptional in the context of divine names from the ancient Levant.

Onomastics is a complex and pragmatic linguistic field, and the constantly appearing proper names require a thematic classification. An analysis of the terms in the field of onomastics is necessary to clarify their status within the discipline, in accordance with other fields (sociology, psychology, philosophy) or different than the meaning given by the dictionary. The classic nomenclature of proper names divided into anthroponyms, toponyms or zoonyms has become insufficiently accurate in rendering the concrete onymic class of the proper name, hence the need to identify, in Romanian, the classes of the usual onomastic terms. Thus, according to dictionaries, thematic glossaries made by Romanian researchers, in different periods, but also those compiled by international researchers, we can enrich the onomastic terminology with new terms, applicable to the Romanian language system.

Onomastics is an area of scholarly interest that has grown considerably in importance in recent years. Consequently, the 27th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, held in 2021 in Kraków, Poland, gathered scholars from all over the world, active in all subfields of onomastic enquiry, as well as those exploring the areas bordering on other disciplines of the humanities. It thus became a venue for presenting state-of-the-art research in the study of proper names, proposing novel approaches and opening new vistas for future research. The present work is the third of the three volumes of conference proceedings that are the fruit of the congress. Being the most diverse thematically, it contains contributions on the general and applied aspects of onomastics, onymy in literature and other cultural texts, and chrematonyms. It ends with two reports. The volume comprises 30 individual articles, contributed by 35 scholars. The first section, devoted to general and applied onomastics, features texts concerned with ever-interesting questions relevant to all practitioners of the discipline: the essence of properhood, the meaning of proper names, and onomastic terminology. Scholars whose papers focused on applied onomastics were interested in problems occasioned by the translation of onyms, by their pronunciation in cross-cultural contact, and by the use of exonyms, drawing for exemplification on the Hungarian, German and Czech language material respectively. Literary onomastics in its broad definition constitutes by far the largest part of the volume. Contributors to this section represent diverse literatures, including Scottish, Russian, Polish, Czech and Nigerian. The scope and internal subdivisions of literary onomastics are discussed and the activities of the Italian Society for Literary Onomastics are presented. The name Dracula is analysed in depth, and so is the Old Prussian onym Patollo. Some researchers take a step into the wider realm of culture. Their attention is attracted by the names of spirits in the beliefs adhered to in Southwest China, by the proper names in a medieval Scottish document, by the onyms that personify hunger in Italian wartime epistolography, and by toponyms in video games. The third section deals with chrematonyms as diverse as names of railway locomotives in Britain, logonyms in Slovakia and perfume names in a Slovak online shop. The naming patterns of Chinese restaurants in Czechia are studied too, as well as the names of travel agencies in Germany, Ukraine and Poland. Finally, the reader is presented with two reports. One outlines new tendencies in Nordic socio-onomastics, while the other presents the new paradigm in the publication of “Onoma”, the journal of the ICOS. The book is a must not only for onomasticians, but also for researchers in related disciplines, ranging from history, via human geography or philosophy of language, to social studies. However, professionals active in naming will find it useful as well, since it provides a much-needed supranational perspective and enables cross-cultural comparisons.

Summary The term cognitive tool was coined for a means especially designed to improve human cognition. Examples of cognitive tools range from simple mind maps to computer-based assistence systems. Cognitive tools can play a key role in the knowledge management process. This paper describes specific requirements for cognitive tools in a medical context, and presents an implemented framework for enabling medical knowledge management by cognitive tools. The visualization of semantic networks and the users interaction with these graphical metaphors play an important role not only in the process of authoring or knowledge externalization, but in the computer-supported application and internalization of medical knowledge, as well. The paper addresses special methodological aspects, namely: 1) the seamless integration of formal knowledge representation and informal knowledge documentation, 2) the introduction of graphical means for interacting with the medical knowledge, and 3) the mutual support of eLearning and knowledge management. The framework is applied to complementary fields: 1) a learning system for differential diagnosis in paediatrics and 2) a tool, which empowers scientific literature retrieval by a graphical visualization of concept-nets based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). As a result the case studies show that a generic framework, which supports the visualization of conceptual structures and allows an easy interaction with a medical knowledge repository can successfully support very different steps of medical knowledge work and clinical decision support.

The exceptional value of oikonyms derivation study of is a correctly defined word-formation of proper names. There isn’t often much semantic transparency in settlements nominations thought it is very significant. The studied region oikonyms have already become the object of study. Therefore, a comparative description has already been made, based on existing regional studies and taking into account data from other regions. A geographical nomination, like any other word, is created according to the laws of a particular language due to its characteristic derivation means. Therefore, consideration of oikonyms word-forming structure allows to describe the functioning of different oikonym models, features of origin and existence, the influence of social processes. There are two main types of proper names - morphological and lexical-word-forming, which are divided into a number of species and subspecies. This opinion is confirmed by the results of our work. A kind of lexico-semantic way of word-formation is pluralization. In the whole territory of the Northern Khmelnytskyі region plural forms almost always predominate over singular forms of proper names. A syntactic method occupies a prominent place in a lexico-semantic word-formation, which is one of the main ways to enrich this sphere. It is due to the use of various syntactic constructions (phrases, sentences) as a function of a separate nominative unit. Today, there is an opinion that suffixation is not the main way of toponyms word-formation. However, in the Northern Khmelnytskyi region we recorded 404 morphological derivatives and 234 of them were formed by the suffix method. One of the reasons for the high activity of suffixation is our consideration of oikonyms in -ivts-i, -ints-i, -ich-i in the structure of suffix derivatives.

Pragmatism as Transcendental Philosophy, Part 2: Peirce on God and Personality

This article explores the use of metonymy in advertising discourse through a detailed analysis of slogans in appliance and electronics advertisements. The influence of metonymy on one’s worldview in the context of commercial advertising was studied based on its contribution to the construction of the images of the object (product or service), subject (seller or manufacturer), and addressee (consumer), as well as to the development of connections between these three elements. The value and relevance of the research lie in the fact that advertising broadcasts ideas about reality and has the potential to influence the consumer’s mindset and behavior. This supports the concept of advertising worldview. It is also important to perceive metonymy as a linguistic and cognitive tool, yet in advertising discourse it is often viewed as a trope. The dynamics of the advertising situation can be defined as follows: the manufacturer/seller offers a solution to the consumer’s problems and promises them joy in the final result, with the product or service acting as a tool to achieve the desired outcome. A number of examples were provided to show that the knowledge about the components of the advertising situation is arranged in the categories of different conceptual structures which determine the type of metonymic transfer. In appliance advertisements, the most frequent metonymic models were found to be as follows: the product’s quality–the product, the result of using the product–the tool employed to achieve the result, describing the situation through the nomination of the stage of turning on the device or achieving the result. It was concluded that metonymy emphasizes the most important characteristics of the product and its role in human life, not only as a problem-solving tool but also as a source of positive emotions and joy, as well as a symbol of a certain lifestyle. Therefore, the metonymic approach is effective in fitting the product into the everyday life of the consumer with respect to their system of values.

In this provocative monograph, Bertram Malle describes behavior explanations as having a dual nature—as being both cognitive and social acts—and proposes a comprehensive theoretical model that integrates the two aspects. When people try to understand puzzling human behavior, they construct behavior explanations, which are a fundamental tool of social cognition. But, Malle argues, behavior explanations exist not only in the mind; they are also overt verbal actions used for social purposes. When people explain their own behavior or the behavior of others, they are using the explanation to manage a social interaction—by offering clarification, trying to save face, or casting blame. Malle's account makes clear why these two aspects of behavior explanation exist and why they are closely linked; along the way, he illustrates the astonishingly sophisticated and subtle patterns of folk behavior explanations. Malle begins by reviewing traditional attribution theories and their simplified portrayal of behavior explanation. A more realistic portrayal, he argues, must be grounded in the nature, function, and origins of the folk theory of mind—the conceptual framework underlying people's grasp of human behavior and its connection to the mind. Malle then presents a theory of behavior explanations, focusing first on their conceptual structure and then on their psychological construction. He applies this folk-conceptual theory to a number of questions, including the communicative functions of behavior explanations, and the differences in explanations given for self and others as well as for individuals and groups. Finally, he highlights the strengths of the folk-conceptual theory of explanation over traditional attribution theory and points to future research applications. Bradford Books imprint

The current stage of development of forensics is described by an active search for the latest cognitive methods and tools, which fully include forensic diagnostics. The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the need to form a modern terminology of the forensic science, further development of the scientific concept of forensic diagnostics, and prospects for creating an appropriate forensic teaching. The purpose of the study is to analyse modern scientific approaches to understanding the concept of forensic diagnostics, its features, structure, integrative functions, and differences from other paired forensic categories. To achieve this goal, such general scientific and special research methods as dialectical, historical, Aristotelian, system-structural, sociological, statistical, the method of legal forecasting and modelling, system and semantic analysis were used. It is proved that the term «forensic diagnostics» should be considered in practical and theoretical terms. In practical terms, forensic diagnostics is a method of recognising the state of objects, cognition of phenomena and processes related to the circumstances of the crime event, determined by the latter. This is a kind of tool at the disposal of an expert, investigator, detective, judge to know the object (event, phenomenon) by its reflection. In the theoretical sense, forensic diagnostics is considered as a separate forensic teaching, which constitutes a system of theoretical provisions on the regularities of recognising objects (situations) by their features and properties, based on the analysis of changes that occurred in them under the influence of the circumstances of the crime event and its participants, in order to carry out evidence in criminal proceedings. It is noted that the theoretical basis of forensic diagnostics comprises information on the patterns of occurrence of diagnosed objects, data on typical models of event reflection (action, behaviour). It is noted that forensic diagnostics as a separate forensic teaching (theory) is at the stage of its development, constantly increasing its scientific potential and expanding the scope of practical implementation. Further development of the theory and practice of diagnostic research involves systematisation and classification of diagnostic features and sets of features of objects, events, phenomena in accordance with the solution of diagnostic problems, classification of typical situations, development of methods and techniques of diagnostic research

This paper presents a cognitively oriented analysis of metaphorical and descriptive language, showing how an understanding of cognitive linguistics can be employed by scholars working on drone texts to enhance and support their analyses. Cognitive linguistics provides a powerful framework for understanding the conceptual structure of language, and the choices made by authors in the ways they choose to construe their experiences. Conceptual Blending Theory and Cognitive Grammar’s notion of construal are introduced as linguistic frameworks through which the ideological structures of drone discourses can be interrogated. Overall, it argues that approaches from cognitive linguistics offers valuable resources for understanding how common patterns in discourse (re)produce and resist ideological stances on drone warfare, and it provides example analyses from a range of sources to demonstrate how these particular frameworks can contribute to the analysis of language and ideology.

Embarking on a journey to explore the world of Chinese and Persian poetry, our study takes a deep dive into the essence of love metaphors. We traverse the landscapes of these ancient cultures, unearthing the metaphorical expressions that encapsulate the essence of love. This research aims to understand how language and culture shape our perception of this universal emotion. Through a meticulous qualitative analysis, we aim to uncover the shared and unique metaphors of love: the shared metaphors echo universal human emotions, while the unique ones offer insights into the cultural inf luences on our understanding of love. This study goes beyond comparing meta- phors; it is about exploring the conceptual structures of love, as expressed through the timeless verses of Chinese and Persian poets. Our analysis reveals that love metaphors in Chinese and Persian poetry are not only linguistic devices, but also cognitive and cultural tools that shape our understanding and expression of love.

In our article, we present a few discussion notes on the current processing and standardization of Slovak onomastic terminology. In our opinion, proprialization is not only a word-formation process, but primarily the functional one. The function of the word, that is seen as the first within the process of proprialization, is being changed too. Due to this fact, the formal part of the proper name is recognized as secondary. Furthermore, we think that even the process of transonymization – from functional, not formal approach – can be accepted in its wider understanding. It can be defined as transfer of proper name motivation from one object to another regardless of any formal criterion. What is more, this transfer is possible even within the same onymic class. The transfer could be accompanied with a change in the formal structure or grammatical meaning of the new proper name; because not just the form of the proper name (or the part of the form) is transferred to another object, but also its function, ability to be an “individual and specific name” for another object. But the process of transonymization itself requires transfer of the proper name from one denotatum to another. Thatʼs why we do not recognise any formation of the name variants for the same object as the process of transonymization.