Toward a postproblematic history

The field of behavior genetics has been structured from its inception by engagement with controversy. That claim, documented by a wealth of historical and institutional information on the field's development and engagement with five distinct controversies, constitutes the theoretical thread that ties together Misbehaving Science. The book traces this development and the controversies that fueled it, arguing that behavior genetics exemplifies a type of field Panofsky identifies as “misbehaving science”: a scientific field in which rules, norms, and standards are ambiguous, giving way to political and social controversies. “If science is like a machine for resolving controversies,” Panofsky writes, “in misbehaving science that machine is broken.” Behavior genetics has been wracked by controversy for obvious reasons. It was born, essentially, of the confluence between genetic science on the one hand and social and behavioral science on the other. This confluence, particularly in the context of the successes of the civil rights and women's movements, was fraught. The field's early development was essentially an attempt to avoid prior controversies (such as engagement with the by-then-disgraced field of eugenics) by establishing scientifically valid, neutral spaces for inquiry.

Extended Abstract 1. Introduction The time period between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. has been considered as a momentous time span characterized by political upheavals and the appearance of diverse political tendencies in the contemporary history of Iran. In this regard, translators as social agents who were strongly interconnected with social contexts drew influences from these political upheavals and tendencies, on the one hand, and affected them, on the other hand. Deposition of Reza Shah in the beginning of 1320sS.H./ 1940sA.D. And also coup d’etat in 1332S.H./ 1953A.D. Had tremendous repercussions in both social space and cultural productions in a way that different fields of activity like publication were transformed and profoundly impacted upon practices of translators as cultural producers who were situated within such a field. 2. Theoretical Framework To investigate translators’ behavior as situated in the publication field during a twenty-five-year time span between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. the present study heavily relied on the theory of sociology of cultural productions as formulated by Pierre Bourdieu in 1979. In this regard, habitus and field as two key concepts of this theory had been adopted to shed light on the influences drawn from developments in the field of publication by translators. In other words, publication field was remolded as a field endowed with hierarchical order, autonomy, social reproduction, and constant struggle in accordance with how Bourdieu conceptualizes formation of a given field. Meanwhile, translators’ behavior was reframed based on the concept of habitus as being subordinate to the field of publication, on the one hand, and contributory to the field of cultural production, on the other hand. Consequently, structured and structuring aspects of habitus, as emphasized by Bourdieu, were brought to the fore. It merits attention that political events like the oust of Reza Shah, establishment and dissolution of Toode party, and coup d’etat in 1332S.H. /1953A.D. were formulated with respect to the concept of the field of power which dominated any other fields of practice as publication and cultural productions. 3. Metodology This study falls into the category of conceptual studies, because it focuses on better understanding of the concept of translatorial habitus in relation to the field of publication. Furthermore, documentary analysis as a research method which is widely applied in sociological studies has been concentrated on to analyze the research data. Concerning this, archival data like interviews done with eminent translators and editors pursuing translation and editing career during the specified time period as well as documents and historical evidence have been consulted with. Meanwhile, bibliography of translated books presented in the specified time period was specially taken into account. Apart from these, different historical information concerning sociohistorical ambience of the time period under study was taken up to elaborate on the field of power as the first level of a Bourdieu Sian analysis. Then, the influences of the field of power upon the field of cultural production were brought to the fore. Afterwards, the subfield of book publication as situated within the field of cultural production subordinate to the field of power was analyzed with respect to four functioning mechanisms underlying the formation of a given field. As the last level, the ever-changing structure of the subfield of book publication was related to the translators’ behavior from the lens of translatorial professional habitus. 4. Results and Discussion The reign of Pahlavi II culminated with development of the field of cultural production due to the freedom provided for journalists, publishers, and other cultural producers as translators. With respect to the field of publication, the change of the foreign language recognized as the state’s second language from French to English, technological improvements on printing, removal of censorship and surveillance on published materials, increase of literate individuals, etc. contributed to some changes in the field of publication. However, unfavorable economic conditions as well as ascendancy of journals and newspapers hindered the progress of book publication subfield from an ill-formed field of practice to an autonomous one. Consequently, translatorial habitus drawn meager influences from this field, rather, dominated it in terms of what cultural productions were offered to the marketplace as well as how they were produced. However, coup d’etat in 1332S.H./1953A.D. brought up dramatic changes in the field of power which focused on the alteration of the field of cultural production in accordance with an acculturation policy based on which Russian socialist culture was to be substituted with American culture. Such an acculturation policy which was strictly pursued by the regime ended in establishment of state run publication institutes like Incorporation of Translation and Publication of Books and Franklin Institute during 1330s S.H./1950s A.D. It merits attention that the former was patronized by Pahlavi Foundation and the latter was financially supported by the American government. Due to the initiatives made by such institutes, the subfield of book publication was codified and transformed to an autonomous well-structured subfield. Consequently, translators lost their dominant position in this subfield and their habitus turned to a more regulated one. 5. Conclusions and Suggestions This study has pointed to the conclusion that translation practice is subordinate to the ambience of the field of power, in the first place, and to the field in which translators are situated, in the second place. Hence, as the field of power provides opportunities for the formation of well-structured fields, translatorial habitus orients towards further submission to the given fields. However, in ill-formed fields of practice which are devoid of codification processes as conceptualized by Bourdieu, translators are endowed with a dominant translatorial habitus. In the case of publication field under study, it appears that development of publication field from an ill-formed field of practice to a well-structured one brought about considerable changes in translatorial habitus, because translators’ behavior was regulated based on new requirements, and translators were placed in a dominated position as compared with publishers. In line with this, eminent publishers enjoyed the privilege of choosing works to translate and also controlling the quality of translation products. Meanwhile, developments of the field of publication heavily relied on the improvements made in the field of cultural production.

A computer program has been developed to simulate the total facilities, substructure, weight, area and cost parameters of offshore oil and gas production platforms. This program was developed as a Joint Industry Project with 19 major oil companies. The program will perform the following activities from approximately 2.50 'Management Decisions'.automatic heat and material balances for offshore production facilities including a specified crude vapor pressure product and gas lift recycleutility balancesphysical sizing of all major equipmentdry and operating weights of all major equipmentdry and operating weights of all bulks by category (including pipe, valves, fittings, local instrumentation, electrical items, equipment support steel, pipe supports, insulation and painting)weight and area estimate for 6 different substructures (fixed and floating types)installed cost estimate for the complete production related facility and substructure. This program, which was developed for feasibility study applications to field developments, is the natural progression of a systems approach to estimating the weight and area impact of important management decisions. The data collected to provide input for the systems came from historical installed parameters, extensive study work with bulks, and supplier information. The computer program and its data base are viewed as important economic study tools to rapidly review the relative impact of basic design decisions. Very often design decisions for oil or gas field development are based upon limited information and can prove costly to rectify. With the use of this program, envelopes of field development parameters may be rapidly developed with parametric cases to provide - management with better information for their design decisions. Examples of the results of the program will be presented, which relate the impact of various elemental management decisions. Introduction The latitude of production variables and system requirements for offshore facilities is wide. Often production platform cost estimates for feasibility studies cannot rely upon past historical information. Because initial information may be sparse, many assumptions have to be made and large contingencies may be added to the development costs. To reduce the magnitude of the cost contingencies, a computer simulation of an offshore production facility has been developed to perform economic estimates based upon detailed scoping of equipment and weight analysis. The first general 'combined services platform' program was developed as a Joint Industry Project with 19 major oil companies. Other programs have been completed and are under development for more specific processing needs. Figure 1 illustrates the linear flow of information from the input 'Management Decisions' to the process simulator and related systems routines. The program will perform a process simulation of the production facilities, size all of the required equipment, estimate the dry and operating weight of all major equipment and bulks, and perform a cost estimate for the topside facilities and supporting substructure. The basic premise of this approach is that accurate scoping and sizing of major equipment is the key to good offshore weight, space, and cost estimates. The method uses a pyramid-type systems approach in which every item of equipment is accounted for and grouped into several systems fully describing the facilities.

Analysis of the “comments and replies” sections of social science journals can assist understanding of the nature of epistemological and community-related debates and field development at the edge of knowledge contexts. Comments on articles and replies by authors occur at the margin, after articles have been deemed good enough to publish, and this focus of argumentation provides valuable insight to the process of field development.

A major challenge during drilling is to identify sub-formation change, enabling near-real-time adjustment of the drilling parameters to enhance performance. An algorithm that determines sub-formations and optimizes drilling parameters as formations change and then updates itself solves this problem. This paper presents case studies of wells in the New Mexico Delaware Basin with improved drilling performance, detailing the algorithm's design and ability to produce formation-specific drilling parameters. The workflow leverages historical drilling and geological information from offset wells, statistical analysis, physics-based models, and 1 Hz drilling data to identify sub-formations and transition zones in active wells. Rock drillability is calculated and used to identify the formation change via the algorithm. Simultaneously, optimal drilling parameters for the formation are generated, using an approach that relies on mechanical specific energy (MSE). The workflow was successfully applied to a significant population of wells in multiple fields. Analyzing the results, the main observations were as follows: reduced cumulative MSE and average drilling time, improved consistency, and expedited learning curve. These achievements to a large extent are due to improved downhole dynamics and the reduction of input variability due to the statistical analysis of the algorithm. In addition, self-learning capabilities are built into the algorithm, which can improve its own performance with the addition of offset data during field development. In general, three variables have major effects on drilling performance: surface controls, downhole equipment, and geology. Among these variables, geology is the most uncertain and yet crucial to success, as changes in rock type can significantly affect drilling performance. The power of the algorithm comes from the fact that it quantifies geological effects along with the effects of surface controls and BHA to significantly improve performance. This enables the algorithm to determine the formations that affect drilling operations and suggest the optimum drilling parameters for that formation zone. This work combines real-time and historical drilling and geological data to identify the sub-formation changes and proposes the optimized drilling parameters. As observed in the case studies, this can lead to a significant improvement in drilling performance, near-real-time optimization of the drilling parameters, and minimizing non-productive time due to sudden changes in formation type.

SPE Members Abstract In 1994, a low cost development and operating plan for future wells at the Kuparuk River Field was proposed with the goal of reducing well costs 30% by the end of 1996. This paper presents this plan of a slimhole drilling and monobore completion program, a discussion of the critical issues addressed to successfully make the change, and field results from the first 16 wells drilled in 1994 and 1995. A review of historical cost information is included which covers drilling and completing wells using the conventional well designs that had become standard in the field for the previous ten years. A variety of new slimhole well plans are presented for both production and injection wells together with a discussion of their potential application and cost savings. The paper concludes with a look at future work plans and opportunities for additional cost savings through the use of slimhole wells. Introduction Located in the Alaskan Arctic, the Kuparuk River Field is one of the United State's largest producing oil fields (300,000 barrels oil per day), and covers an area of approximately 115,000 acres. The field was discovered in 1969, but was not economic for development until 1977, after completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Figure 1 shows the field location on the North Slope of Alaska. Field development was started in 1979 using gravel pads as central drill sites from which deviated wells are drilled to drain a four section area (4 square miles). Initial development is on 160 acre well spacing with some 80 acre infill locations. The Kuparuk reservoir is a sandstone at approximately 6000 feet subsea with solution gas drive as the primary production mechanism. The majority of the field is under secondary recovery receiving pressure support through a combination of waterflood and water alternating immiscible and miscible gas injection. Previous reports have documented both the geological description and the reservoir mechanisms of the field. Production occurs from two horizons within the Kuparuk sandstone. An upper sandstone interval, referred to as the C Sand, is present over most of the southern half of the field and consists of very coarse to very fine grained siderite and sandstone. With average permeabilities of 130 md to 2600 md, and net pay ranges up to 80 ft, the C Sand typically produces at rates from 1000 to 5000 barrels per day (BPD). The A Sand, the lower producing zone, is present throughout the field and contains 65% of recoverable oil in place. P. 145

PurposeThe main purpose of this article is to identify some emergent issues when sustainability is introduced into global value chains. These issues deal with the conditions under which a sustainable global value chain might gain international competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory research was conducted, based on a case study. The main players of the JOBEK's Global Value Chain were identified and interviews were carried out with representatives of these players. A thematic content analysis was developed, supported by Atlas TI software, using interview data and documents.FindingsThree main themes have emerged, which can be considered as underlying issues of an emerging concept that the authors call the “sustainable global value chain”. These are: bargaining power between the chain's players; a differentiation strategy along the global value chain; and a collaborative awareness‐building process along the global value chain.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the findings result from a single case study, the characteristics of this case have allowed the authors to suggest an emergent concept for the field of international business: the concept of a sustainable global value chain. This has implications for the development of a new research field and for the introduction of some ethical concerns into this field.Practical implicationsManagers of organizations that participate in sustainable global value chains may consider the emerging concepts and their interrelationships as a guideline for strategic decision‐making. In particular, managers need to be aware of how the relationships between power balance, CSR product differentiation strategies and awareness building may influence the competitiveness of their sustainable global value chain.Originality/valueThe article proposes the emergence of a new concept that has important ethical implications for international business: the sustainable global value chain. The authors suggest that the further development of this new concept is likely to stimulate the development of an emergent research field.

In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric review of the stakeholder theory in accounting (both financial and managerial) is carried out. The bibliometric analysis provides historical information on research trends as well as research performance. This study explored the associated literature in stakeholder theory and accounting (economy, business, and management) from 1996–2022. The material was gathered from the Scopus database and analysed using VOSviewer and Tableau software. The documents that are based on previous research provide an analysis of the scientific output as well as the distribution of subject groups and journals. The authors’ chosen keywords have also been focused on identifying the most important areas of the study. The results of this research indicate that there has been an increase in the rate of yearly production across the time period that was investigated. The Journal of Business Ethics (JBE) is the most prolific journal and has published the most articles on stakeholder theory of any other publication. It is the top prolific journal. The outcome also demonstrates that the United States (U.S.) is home to a significant number of prestigious academic institutions. The U.S. tops the world in both the creation of scientific papers and the number of times those articles are mentioned in other documents. This study contributes on the awareness of using bibliometric analysis study to explore development in the scientific field. Bibliometric analysis study refers to the use of keywords to extract information for research growth in terms of the number of productions and citations. This study contributes on the awareness of using bibliometric analysis study to explore development in the scientific area.

Politicize my Bioethics: Compensation for egg cells

The anti-dependency teaching strategy aims to prepare technology-based students for the evolving world of artificial intelligence (AI). Instead of teaching students to be passive users of technology, it pushes them to become active producers and problem solvers. By cultivating creativity, critical thinking abilities, and a growth mentality, this approach equips students to use AI as a tool for innovation. It explores the potential of AI while acknowledging its limitations and ethical implications through project-based learning, interdisciplinary methodologies, and real-world applications. In order to promote an innovative culture and group problem-solving, it also integrates collaborative learning environments. The approach places a strong emphasis on adaptation and ongoing learning, keeping students abreast of developments in artificial intelligence and related fields. The study's respondents were twenty-four (24) instructors of technology-based disciplines with creative elements. By putting this plan into practice, educators can give students the knowledge and perspective they need to effectively navigate the AI era, producing a new generation of creative thinkers who can transform society for the better.

In this paper it has been demonstrated that in modern economic science there is a large number of theoretical approaches, positions, and views on the differential rent category conceptualization, as well as on the methodology for determining its size and mechanisms of this rent withdrawal and distribution. The history of the classical views on the rent has been reported. It has been marked that after release of D. Worcester work “Rent Theory Revision” the extremely profitable concept of differential rent becomes more and more popular in economic circles, the rent starts to be considered as part of the profit and therefore its distribution between oil and gas companies and government becomes legitimate. In March of this year the “Drilling and Oil” journal published a paper “Arctic Oil and Gas Rents” (the authors A.V. Semenov, Yu.S. Rudenko, Yu.V. Razowski, Yu.N. Makarkin), where questions of differential rent, the interest to which has increased due to the upcoming development of Arctic fields, once again have being considered from the standpoint of super-profits. In connection therewith in this paper the author argues against the views published in the paper “Arctic Oil and Gas Rents” on the theoretical issues related to substance of differential rent, rental income classification, methods of rent size determining and options of rent withdrawal or distribution.

The main goal of this work is to discuss the place and role of video games in contemporary societies and their impact on individual relationships. It analyses how the development of video games is a sign of and a factor in the democratization of modern societies. It explores how video games contribute to the moral and political socialization of children and teenagers. The work is structured into two parts. The first explores the methodological, ethical and epistemological implications of Games Studies, and shows how the development of an independent field of research on video games can be analyzed as a sign of democratization. The second part focuses on youth identity experimentations and how video games can contribute to the democratization of social relations. Play inequalities are discussed, but it is also shown how video games are reconfiguring family and peer relationships, thereby influencing the movement of democratization of societies.

PurposeThe following paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned successful innovator and leader, regarding the challenges of bringing technological discoveries to fruition. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe interviewee is Gianmarco Veruggio who is responsible for the Operational Unit of Genoa of the Italian National Research Council Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT). Veruggio is an early pioneer of telerobotics in extreme environments. Veruggio founded the new applicative field of Roboethics. In this interview, Veruggio shares some of his 30-year robotic journey along with his thoughts and concerns on robotics and society.FindingsGianmarco Veruggio received a master’s degree in electronic engineering, computer science, control and automation from Genoa University in 1980. From 1980 to 1983 he worked in the Automation Division of Ansaldo as a Designer of fault-tolerant multiprocessor architectures for fail-safe control systems and was part of the development team for the new automation of the Italian Railway Stations. In 1984, he joined the CNR-Institute of Naval Automation (IAN) in Genoa as a Research Scientist. There, he worked on real-time computer graphics for simulation, control techniques and naval and marine data-collection systems. In 1989, he founded the CNR-IAN Robotics Department (Robotlab), which he headed until 2003, to develop missions on experimental robotics in extreme environments. His approach utilized working prototypes in a virtual lab environment and focused on robot mission control, real-time human-machine interfaces, networked control system architectures for tele-robotics and Internet Robotics. In 2000, he founded the association “Scuola di Robotica” (School of Robotics) to promote this new science among young people and society at large by means of educational robotics. He joined the CNR-IEIIT in 2007 to continue his research in robotics and to also develop studies on the philosophical, social and ethical implications of Robotics.Originality/valueVeruggio led the first Italian underwater robotics campaigns in Antarctica during the Italian expeditions in 1993, 1997 and 2001, and in the Arctic during 2002. During the 2001-2002 Antarctic expedition, he carried out the E-Robot Project, the first experiment of internet robotics via satellite in the Antarctica. In 2002, he designed and developed the Project E-Robot2, the first experiment of worldwide internet robotics ever carried out in the Arctic. During these projects, he organized a series of “live-science” sessions in collaboration with students and teachers of Italian schools. Beginning with his new “School of Robotics”, Veruggio continued to disseminate and educate young people on the complex relationship between robotics and society. This led him to coin the term and propose the concept of Roboethics in 2002, and he has since made worldwide efforts at dedicating resources to the development of this new field. He was the General Chair of the “First International Symposium on Roboethics” in 2004 and of the “EURON Roboethics Atelier” in 2006 that produced the Roboethics Roadmap. Veruggio is the author of more than 150 scientific publications. In 2006, he was presented with the Ligurian Region Award for Innovation, and in 2009, for his merits in the field of science and society, he was awarded the title of Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, one of Italy’s highest civilian honors.

In recent years, cybersecurity threats have become more sophisticated and they have the tendency to be hard to detect and prevent. This has led to a growing interest in the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity. However, the adoption of AI in cybersecurity also raises concerns about the risks and ethical implications associated with its use. The aim of the paper is to reveal the potential benefits and challenges of AI in cybersecurity, and also to propose an educational course in AI in Cybersecurity for managers, who should be aware of current developments in this sensitive field.

This paper explores ethical and methodological implications of collaborative research, and discuss our examination of ways to work towards participatory, ethical relationships in research. Our core concerns pertain to the experiential, lived and qualitative relations within emergent research communities. Questions that have guided us include: What does we mean in research practice? How do become a community of researchers? What forms of relations are shaped in the continuous process of inquiry? Whose interests are served? How can a community of researchers and their participants, formed and sustained by reciprocal, ethical relations, of trust, shared knowledges, curiosity and friendship, emerge? Key to approaching these is examining the contingent epistemological goals of research. We discuss four essential elements in the ethical qualities of research as a community of practice that stand out for us. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1102245