Toward a documentary standard for performance testing of terrestrial laser scanners used in forensic practice: A statistical procedure to assess change in instrument precision.

Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer PhysicsVolume 41, Issue 14 p. 1697-1700 Letter Suppression of phase-separation pattern formation in blend films with block copolymer compatibilizer L. Sung, L. Sung Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorJ. F. Douglas, Corresponding Author J. F. Douglas Jack.Douglas@nist.gov Polymers Divisions, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Han, C. C. Han Polymers Divisions, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorA. Karim, Corresponding Author A. Karim alamgir.karim@nist.gov Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this author L. Sung, L. Sung Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorJ. F. Douglas, Corresponding Author J. F. Douglas Jack.Douglas@nist.gov Polymers Divisions, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Han, C. C. Han Polymers Divisions, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this authorA. Karim, Corresponding Author A. Karim alamgir.karim@nist.gov Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Building Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899Search for more papers by this author First published: 11 June 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10519Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume41, Issue1415 July 2003Pages 1697-1700 RelatedInformation

Structure and thermodynamics of antigen recognition by antibodies.

Journal of High Resolution ChromatographyVolume 12, Issue 12 p. 821-824 Short Communication The analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by multidimensional gas chromatography F. R. Guenther, Corresponding Author F. R. Guenther Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USAOrganic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. N. Chesler, S. N. Chesler Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Rebbert, R. E. Rebbert Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this author F. R. Guenther, Corresponding Author F. R. Guenther Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USAOrganic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. N. Chesler, S. N. Chesler Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Rebbert, R. E. Rebbert Organic Analytical Research Division, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240121213Citations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume12, Issue12December 1989Pages 821-824 RelatedInformation

Quantifying tropical forest structure through terrestrial and UAV laser scanning fusion in Australian rainforests

Experimental TechniquesVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 63-80 TIPS AND TRICKS FOR CHARACTERIZING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY WIRE: PART 4 – THERMO-MECHANICAL COUPLING C.B. Churchill, C.B. Churchill C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this authorJ.A. Shaw, J.A. Shaw C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this authorM.A. Iadicola, M.A. Iadicola C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this author C.B. Churchill, C.B. Churchill C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this authorJ.A. Shaw, J.A. Shaw C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this authorM.A. Iadicola, M.A. Iadicola C.B. Churchill (churchc@umich.edu) and J.A. Shaw (jashaw@umich.edu), Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. M.A. Iadicola, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.Search for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2010.00619.xCitations: 2 Disclaimer: The full description of the procedures used in this paper requires the identification of a certain commercial equipment. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such a product is endorsed or recommended by NIST or that it is necessarily the best for the purposes described. Editor's Note: This ET feature series is intended as an introduction to this exciting area of experimental mechanics. It aims to increase awareness of active materials and to promote their consistent characterization by disseminating best practices from leading researchers in the field. Each article in the series will address the characterization of one commercially significant active material. Series editors: Nilesh D. Mankame and Paul W. Alexander. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2March/April 2010Pages 63-80 RelatedInformation

AIChE JournalEarly View e17686 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Comments on “Monte Carlo simulations for water adsorption in porous materials: Best practices and new insights” Daniel W. Siderius, Corresponding Author Daniel W. Siderius daniel.siderius@nist.gov orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-7727 Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Correspondence Daniel W. Siderius, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. Email: daniel.siderius@nist.gov Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorHarold W. Hatch, Harold W. Hatch orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-9145 Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey R. Errington, Jeffrey R. Errington orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-0271 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA Contribution: ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorVincent K. Shen, Vincent K. Shen Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Project administration (equal), Supervision (equal), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this author Daniel W. Siderius, Corresponding Author Daniel W. Siderius daniel.siderius@nist.gov orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-7727 Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Correspondence Daniel W. Siderius, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. Email: daniel.siderius@nist.gov Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorHarold W. Hatch, Harold W. Hatch orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-9145 Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey R. Errington, Jeffrey R. Errington orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-0271 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA Contribution: ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this authorVincent K. Shen, Vincent K. Shen Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), ​Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Project administration (equal), Supervision (equal), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)Search for more papers by this author First published: 10 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.17686 This work is an official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issuee17686 RelatedInformation

The accurate estimation of tree attributes is essential for sustainable forest management. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is a viable remote sensing technology suitable for estimating under canopy structure. However, TLS measurements generally underestimate tree height in taller trees, which leads to the underestimation of other tree attributes (e.g., stem volume). The integration of information derived from TLS and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry could potentially improve tree height estimation. This study investigated the applicability of integrating TLS and UAV photogrammetry to estimate individual tree attributes in managed coniferous forests of Japan. Diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and stem volume were estimated by (1) TLS data only, (2) integrating TLS and UAV data with TLS tree locations, and (3) integrating TLS and UAV data with treetop detections of the tree canopy. The TLS data only approach achieved high accuracy for DBH estimations with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.36 cm (RMSE% 5.6%); however, tree height was greatly underestimated, with an RMSE of 8.87 m (28.9%) and a bias of −8.39 m. Integrating TLS and UAV photogrammetric data improved tree height estimation accuracy for both the TLS tree location (RMSE of 1.89 m and a bias of −0.46 m) and the treetop detection (RMSE of 1.77 m and a bias of 0.36 m) approaches. Integrating TLS and UAV photogrammetric data also improved the accuracy of the stem volume estimations with RMSEs of 0.21 m3 (10.8%) and 0.21 m3 (10.5%) for the TLS tree location and treetop detection approaches, respectively. Although the tree height of suppressed trees tended to be overestimated by TLS and UAV photogrammetric data integration, a good performance was obtained for dominant trees. The results of this study indicate that the integration of TLS and UAV photogrammetry is beneficial for the accurate estimation of tree attributes in coniferous forests.

This paper explores the applications of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in forensic science, specifically in crime scene investigation and the judiciary system. AR and VR offer immersive and interactive experiences that aid in crime scene reconstruction, evidence collection, and visualization. These technologies have the potential to transform courtroom proceedings by enabling virtual courtrooms, enhancing evidence presentation, and facilitating virtual crime scene reconstructions. AR and VR also have implications in legal research, judicial training, and access to justice. The importance of crime scene investigation and reconstruction in forensic science is highlighted, emphasizing their role in evidence preservation, identification, and the determination of cause and manner of death. The intricacies of conventional crime scene reconstruction, such as evidence collection, interpretation, and reconstruction limitations, are discussed. AR and VR technology can overcome these challenges by providing virtual crime scene tours, training simulations, and interactive courtroom presentations. Overall, AR and VR have the potential to enhance forensic science practices and the judiciary system, offering new tools and capabilities for investigators, legal professionals, and the public.

A precise instrument, called a watt balance, compares mechanical power measured in terms of the meter, the second, and the kilogram to electrical power measured in terms of the volt and the ohm. A direct link between mechanical action and the Planck constant is established by the practical realization of the electrical units derived from the Josephson and the quantum Hall effects. We describe in this paper the fourth-generation watt balance at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and report our initial determination of the Planck constant obtained from data taken in late 2015 and the beginning of 2016. A comprehensive analysis of the data and the associated uncertainties led to the SI value of the Planck constant, h = 6.626 069 83(22) × 10−34 J s. The relative standard uncertainty associated with this result is 34 × 10−9.

In industrial applications, the large comprehensive wireless channel impulse response (CIR) reference dataset, measured by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has been a useful tool for understanding propagation within factory environments. The NIST CIR reference dataset is obtained using a precision channel sounder instrument where transmitter and receiver are time-synchronized by two rubidium clocks. While the accuracy of the NIST CIRs is much higher than the CIRs measured by general commercial digital receiver, two types of system errors have been discovered within the dataset from the perspective of signal processing. These errors are significant for wireless localization, physical layer security, and related applications. To calibrate the CIR, two channel sounder error calibration methods (CSEC) is proposed: the CSEC based on phase compensation and carrier frequency offset recovery. Our results reveal that the CSEC method can improve the accuracy of the CIR to the accuracy that precise instruments cannot achieve. To demonstrate the consequence of these systemic errors, a case study involving physical layer authentication is investigated showing a marked improvement in authentication accuracy after the systemic errors in the dataset are removed. Moreover, the CSEC method may be used to correct other CIR datasets with similar systemic errors.

Most clinical measurements of radioactivity, whether for therapeutic or imaging nuclides, rely on commercial re-entrant ionization chambers ('dose calibrators'). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains a battery of representative calibrators and works to link calibration settings ('dial settings') to primary radioactivity standards. Here, we provide a summary of NIST-determined dial settings for 22 radionuclides. We collected previously published dial settings and determined some new ones using either the calibration curve method or the dialing-in approach. The dial settings with their uncertainties are collected in a comprehensive table. In general, current manufacturer-provided calibration settings give activities that agree with National Institute of Standards and Technology standards to within a few percent.

This article presents and briefly discusses information on the long-term stability of the sensitivity of Bayard–Alpert ionization gauges with time and use, derived from an analysis of data for Bayard–Alpert gauge calibrations performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology over a ten year period.

This article provides an explanation of the duties and responsibilities owed by forensic practitioners (and other expert witnesses) when preparing for and presenting evidence in criminal proceedings. It is written in the shadow of reports by the National Academy of Sciences (US), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (US), the Scottish Fingerprint Inquiry and a recent publication entitled ‘How to cross-examine forensic scientists: A guide for Lawyers’. The article examines potential responses to questions focused on the need for scientific research, validation, uncertainties, limitations and error, contextual bias and the way expert opinions are expressed in reports and oral testimony. Responses and the discussion is developed around thematics such as disclosure, transparency, epistemic modesty and impartiality derived from modern admissibility and procedure rules, codes of conduct, ethical and professional responsibilities and employment contracts. The article explains why forensic practitioners must respond to the rules and expectations of adversarial legal institutions. Simultaneously, in line with accusatorial principles, it suggests that forensic practitioners employed by the state ought to conduct themselves as model forensic scientists.

Remote sensing plays an important role within the field of forest inventory. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) has become an effective tool for acquiring forest inventory data. In most ALS-based forest inventories, accurately positioned field plots are used in the process of relating ALS data to field-observed biophysical properties. The geo-referencing of these field plots is typically carried out by means of differential global navigation satellite systems (dGNSS), and often relies on logging times of 15–20 min to ensure adequate accuracy under different forest conditions. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been proposed as a possible tool for collection of field data in forest inventories and can facilitate rapid acquisition of these data. In the present study, a novel method for co-registration of TLS and ALS data by posterior analysis of remote-sensing data – rather than using dGNSS – was proposed and then tested on 71 plots in a boreal forest. The method relies on an initial position obtained with a recreational-grade GPS receiver, in addition to analysis of the ALS and TLS data. First, individual tree positions were derived from the remote-sensing data. A search algorithm was then used to find the best match for the TLS-derived trees among the ALS-derived trees within a search area, defined relative to the initial position. The accuracy of co-registration was assessed by comparison with an accurately measured reference position. With a search radius of 25 m and using low-density ALS data (0.7 points m−2), 82% and 51% of the TLS scans were co-registered with positional errors within 1 m and 0.5 m, respectively. By using ALS data of medium density (7.5 points m−2), 87% and 78% of the scans were co-registered with errors within 1 m and 0.5 m of the reference position, respectively. These results are promising and the method can facilitate rapid acquisition and geo-referencing of field data. Robust methods to identify and handle erroneous matches are, however, required before it is suitable for operational use.

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