Tourismological valorization of intangible cultural heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Hilary Du Cros methodology

The valorization of cultural heritage very often means the search for new uses and rationales for material items that have lost their usefulness or intangible cultural expressions in risk of disappearing. These new uses may ensue from heritage processes through which material or intangible assets acquire values of cultural identity. This requires a process of legitimization, either through academic study, public recognition, or valorization by the market, among others. Based in regional and national periodicals information and semistructured interviews with key informants, this article examines a case in which such a process was legitimized through the market, by means of which a medieval abandoned village, Póvoa Dão, in the district of Viseu (central Portugal), was restored and given a new use in the tourism industry. The village was completely rebuilt in accordance with an architectural plan that respected the original design. The process began by creating market value for a set of buildings as well as for a number of goods and activities that derive directly from its location in a rural area, such as gastronomy and agricultural activities carried out according to traditional methods. The article concludes that the market can play an important role in the valorization of heritage and contribute to create identity and cultural value after rehabilitation. New forms of sociability are identified in the "new" village in contrast to the old rural sociability. last, but not the least, this study looks into some of the ways in which villages rehabilitation can contribute to local development.

Goal. Substantiation of theoretical and methodological approaches to the issues of promoting the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian nation in the tourism sector and ensuring sustainable development of rural areas by granting this property the status of regional or national intangible cultural heritage. Method. During the research abstract-logical method was used, which allowed to reveal the theoretical aspects of the functioning of the intangible cultural heritage. Used analytical, comparative and synthetic methods for studying scientific approaches to this phenomenon. Results It is explored that the replenishment of the diversity of the intangible cultural heritage of the regional, national, and subsequently international levels, will substantially increase the valorisation of the cultural heritage and will contribute to the tourist attractiveness of the destinations, and the development of green tourism. It is noted that the possibility of improving the state of affairs with the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine through the use of the potential of bringing all ethnicities to the list of regional and national intangible cultural heritage. Scientific novelty. The challenges and threats of globalization in the field of culture, as the main factor driving the tourist territory, are determined. Recommendations on further promotion of tourist attractiveness of rural territories in the conditions of globalization are given because of the intangible cultural heritage. Practical significance. Publications materials can be used when substantiating the inclusion of objects in the bases of intangible cultural heritage. The necessity of introduction of electronic accounting of objects of intangible cultural heritage at levels – village, district, region is grounded. It is proposed to develop business plans of separate territories on the basis of valorisation of intangible cultural heritage.

Cultural Heritage is a wide concept. It's what remains of the past generations Cultural Heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, music, traditions, language and knowledge) and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity). A good preservation, restauration and valorization of Cultural Heritage embraces tangible and intangible culture, actually not evaluated in an holistic way.Cultural Heritage is not only an historical memory of the past, but the mirror of an anthropological reality that characterizes our personal and collective identity within a cultural context. The question is: How can we take into account these thought categories? The model proposed would be an used methodology to analyze the model for data acquisition, processing, modeling and implementation of knowledge on culture and social context through ontologies. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relationship between Cultural Context and Cultural Heritage.The contribution proposes an original approach to Cultural Heritage based on a social and cultural approach, transforming the user as an actor for the acquisition of raw data and cultural knowledge, applying the model to the Archaeological Complex of Casinum, in South Latium.

The concept of experiential tourism is a foundation for the valorisation of intangible cultural heritage of a rural area from south-eastern Transylvania, Romania. The experience was closely observed and analysed in order to determine how the regional tourism promotion organizations should use intangible heritage assets in order to promote this area, and also to be incorporated in the tourist offers by Romanian tour operators. Aiming to evaluate tourists’ insights on their rural tourism experience, a close research was conducted among the participants at an international summer school, specially designed for the valorisation of the intangible cultural heritage. The results outline the sensorial triggers, which describe Italian tourists’ experience in Fagaras Land.

Sustainable tourism, as tourism that respects both residents and visitors, cultural heritage and the environment, can offer appropriate models for sustainable cultural heritage management and local economy development. Community participation is one of the fundamental principles of sustainable tourism. It was introduced in tourism studies more than three decades ago and elaborated through different methodological approaches and research. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the local community perspectives regarding sustainable valorisation of cultural and archaeological heritage. The research was realised within the framework of ArchaeoCulTour, a recent scientific project whose main goal is to analyse the development potential of archaeological heritage through sustainable tourism in Istria County, Croatia. The research has considered the Municipality of Vrsar in Western Istria, a typical Mediterranean tourist destination, characterised by mass tourism and high seasonality, as a case study. The research has shown that the residents in the Municipality of Vrsar partially support the current tourism development model, faced with different sustainability challenges and many infrastructural problems. Residents are interested in being better informed and more involved in the tourism planning process and the participatory heritage management models. They agree that the main sustainability issues could be improved through sustainable valorisation of local cultural and natural resources by creating innovative tourism experiences, and they are interested to participate in this co-creating process. Keywords: tourism destinations, cultural heritage, sustainable cultural tourism, community participation

<p>Le patrimoine culturel constitue une vitrine majeure pour l’attractivité des territoires. Le vecteur touristique joue, à ce titre, un rôle important. Le patrimoine culturel constitue une ressource qui possède un potentiel touristique incontournable et participe fortement dans le développement socio-économique et durable des territoires. La culture et le tourisme sont deux secteurs étroitement liés qui contribuent fortement dans le développement économique des pays. La culture et le patrimoine culturel sont des éléments clés de l’image d’une destination touristique, car les atouts culturels et patrimoniaux exercent de l’influence sur la fréquentation touristique des territoires. Les touristes sont souvent motivés et attirés par le patrimoine culturel au cours de leurs visites à l’étranger. La valorisation du patrimoine renforce pour un grand nombre de pays leur secteur du tourisme.  La dynamique quotidienne des activités économiques des touristes est associée, directement ou indirectement, à d’autres grandes activités économiques, comme le transport, l’hôtellerie, les rentrées en devises, etc. Par ailleurs, l’attractivité touristique exige prioritairement la mise en œuvre d’un ensemble de stratégies et de mesures appropriées s’inscrivant dans la perspective de l’innovation managériale des acteurs urbains. La bonne gouvernance territoriale en matière de conservation, de réhabilitation, de valorisation et de promotion du patrimoine permet de développer particulièrement le secteur du tourisme culturel tout en assurant le développement durable territorial.</p> <p>Le présent article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre de notre recherche doctorale, a pour but de présenter une recension des approches conceptuelles et théoriques de la problématique du patrimoine culturel et ses impacts sur l’attractivité touristique et le développement socio-économique des territoires. Ce tour d’horizon est nécessaire, non pas pour lui-même, mais pour cadrer notre travail de recherche et nous outiller de concepts opérationnels pour sa mise en œuvre.</p> <p> </p>

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the conservation and capitalization of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage and limited the population’s participation in culture. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the degree of capitalization of the elements of tangible and intangible cultural heritage within the capital city of Romania. The results of this study reflect the efforts of the representatives of cultural institutions to respond to the challenge of keeping in touch with different categories of audience. At the same time, solutions adapted to restrictions on social distancing have been identified, in order to facilitate the capitalization of the elements of cultural heritage by organizing temporary exhibitions and cultural events in the open air or online. It is also noticeable the organization of cultural events through the collaboration of public institutions in order to facilitate the access of the public to culture and increase the degree of capitalization of the cultural heritage.

The folk artistry of Serbia is rich in spiritual values tied to customs, celebrations, music, song, dance, games, stories and legends, and this kind of cultural heritage is presented through numerous festivals, events and tourist manifestations. In 2012, the network for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage was formed, comprised of the National committee for intangible cultural heritage, the Commission for admission into the registry of intangible cultural heritage, a network of coordinators and the Center for intangible cultural heritage of Serbia. These institutions have chosen 6 elements of intangible cultural heritage, out of 27 suggestions: the slava, the Đurđevdan ritual, the kolo dance, singing accompanied by gusle, Slovakian naive painting, the custom of making and lighting farmers’ candles, Pirot carpet weaving, and Zlakusa pottery as elements of cultural heritage which reflect the national and cultural identity of the Serbian people, and Slavic minorities. These elements of intangible cultural heritage have a certain tourism potential and can represent an important factor in the forming of the tourist brand of Serbia. In order to determine the importance of the 27 suggestions of intangible cultural elements of Serbia, an analysis was conducted, using an adapted form of the Hilary du Cros method of tourist valorization.

As contemporary tourism moves increasingly towards adopting an experience economy, tourist experience based on intangible cultural heritage is becoming the important element of destination image, as a set of consumer perceptions about the destination. Sustainable tourist valorization of intangible cultural heritage may be particularly important for image of countries like Montenegro, with limited resources, including natural resources, capital and population of 620029 inhabitants (Monstat, 2011). Another reason is related to the country's tendency to diversify its tourism offer and attract new market segments who are motivated by cultural heritage, manifestations, ethnographic values, etc. In this paper, the authors evaluate current issues in Montenegrin tourism and the need for improving a tourist destination image based on safeguarding and promotion of intangible cultural heritage. Marketing respond on those issues may increase Montenegro's contribution to a common European identity and strengthen a sense of belonging the destination within a common European cultural space. The research in this paper is focused on desk research, induction, deduction, statistics, and analyzing the case studies.

In the territory of Kosovo and Metohija there are important preconditions for the development of tourism as a specific economic activity. However, the premise for the development of pertaining plans is the preservation of cultural and historical heritage of Serbian and other ethnic groups in this area. Tourist valorisation is certainly one of the most important issues of tourism theory. The paper highlights the importance of protecting Serbian heritage and the heritage of other ethnic groups living in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija. The paper has significant pragmatic value as it provides the foundation for defining the strategy of the necessary valorization of cultural and historical heritage from cultural and economic perspectives. Valorisation is important in order to clearly define the priorities in preserving the rich cultural heritage for future generations, while acknowledging the unresolved political issue regarding the status of the province. In the process of normalising relations between Belgrade and Priština with the help of international community there is a clear and urgent need to create adequate models for protection of the Serbian heritage. The paper concludes that the process of valorisation in the current conditions of Kosovo is a very expensive and complicated task, which will make it difficult to implement in the near future. The paper calls for a wider discussion, one that will satisfy all interested parties, about tourist valorisation of rich cultural and historical heritage in this territory.

Changes in traditional sectors, such as cultural heritage, have stemmed from technological innovations, which brought new opportunities for the valorization of cultural heritage, as well as new competences requirements. With a specific focus on cultural organizations, the technology can provide greater efficiency in the coordination of processes and facilitate the development of new activities that can generate economic returns. Touristic guides have a prominent role in cultural heritage valorization as they contribute to deliver a full and comprehensive experience to the visitors. Therefore, the technology adoption and usage of the touristic guides should have a direct impact on the valorization of cultural heritage through ICTs. In this paper, we aim at identifying the sensemaking that each actor confers to the technological innovations, and its impact on cultural heritage valorization.

This paper investigates older people’s role in the conservation of traditional cultural heritage in rural areas. The study incorporated surveys of older people and ethnographic field work in rural towns in the Zhejiang province, China. The findings suggest that older people can play an active role in cultural heritage conservation, and can also help promote the equal valorisation of tangible and intangible heritage within conservation. However, their performance is subject to a series of factors, among which in China the State is the most influential. On the basis of the findings, the authors have developed a framework to explain the relationship between the activities of older people, the State and the preservation of cultural heritage in a selected area in rural China. This article offers empirical evidence to support nascent theories about conservation and urban and rural regeneration from the perspective of an active but ageing population. It is hoped that the work presented will help policy makers justify the promotion of the engagement of local older people in the processes of cultural heritage conservation.

Until recently, cultural heritage was treated as something of high value, primarily to be protected. Recently, however, this conservational approach has lessened and cultural heritage has been treated as a valuable resource that can be managed in a sustainable manner and as a function of economy, mostly via tourism. By incorporating cultural heritage into the tourism supply, the economic significance of cultural heritage becomes equally important to its social, scientific, and political significance. Economic significance is not solely limited to financial profit, developing tourism destination supply, and economic development of the community in question, but also for securing funds for financing of cultural heritage, which are necessary for its maintenance, revitalisation, and enhancement. Tourism valorisation of cultural heritage includes several steps: identification of cultural heritage suitable for conversion into tourism attractions; evaluation of the tourism attractiveness thereof; determination of its spatial distribution and; finally, application of an appropriate model for tourism valorisation. In evaluating tourism attractiveness of cultural heritage, it is necessary to define clear criteria and indicators, as well as an assessment scale. Four spatial models of tourism valorisation of cultural heritage are proposed based on identification of cultural heritage suitable for conversion into tourism attractions, the evaluation of its tourism attractiveness and determination of its spatial distribution: concentrated or point model; dispersed urban model; linear thematic model; and regional networked model. Each mentioned model is based on a specific principle and is suitable for attracting certain groups of cultural heritage tourists, depending on their motivation.

Chapter 6 develops the analysis of the economic spillovers potentially derived from synergies between heritage and territorial identity. An empirical analysis is performed to test the role of territorial identity in influencing the relationship between the endowment of cultural heritage and local economic development. The findings fully support the functioning of a synergy mechanism according to which identitarian context elements synergistically reinforce the role of cultural heritage in promoting growth. Different typologies of local identity lead to different outcomes: if cultural heritage is located in a territory characterized by forms of cosmopolitanism, its role as an engine for local economic development is fully recognized, validated and effectively functioning. Awareness of a certain correspondence between individual and collective interests together with a stronger feeling of European citizenship represents the most favorable conditions for a valorization of local cultural heritage. At evidence, merging cosmopolitanism and solidarity may generate positive preconditions for local attractiveness and the appropriate mentalities and capabilities for the conservation and valorization of cultural heritage.

Cultural heritage is recognized as a key element for local sustainable development, contributing to the identity of territories and cultural diversity of local communities. The concept of “heritage community”, as expressed by the Faro Convention, can be enhanced in decision-making processes for the adaptive reuse and valorization of cultural heritage to build shared and sustainable development scenarios. Communities represent fundamental actors able to drive active reflection and implement the exercise of civic responsibility and (inter)cultural policies. This paper explores how local communities can have an active and effective role in the adaptive reuse and valorization of cultural heritage, through a field experimentation conducted within the Horizon 2020 project “CLIC—Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse” in the area of Rufoli, Salerno (Italy), in the perspective of the circular economy/circular city model. Starting from heritage mapping and key stakeholder’s engagement, a local working group was built, and processes of knowledge building, envisioning, and community engagement were activated. The results showed that building a heritage community can be an effective starting point for “circular” adaptive reuse of cultural heritage, stimulating not only its recovery but also community bonds, civic responsibility, and potential entrepreneurial activities for longer-term sustainable development.