Abstract
The purpose of this mini-review is to provide the latest information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS). The authors conducted a literature search of available sources describing the issue of tic disorders with special focus on TS and made a comparison and evaluation of relevant findings. The results of this mini-review indicate that TS is a complex disorder, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of both the patients and his/her family. Therefore, early and proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary in order to reduce or even eliminate both symptoms and social burden of the patient. This requires a multidisciplinary management approach in order to meet the patients’ special needs. Future research should focus on neuroimaging, new neurotransmitter targets, in functional neurosurgery, as well as the effect of non-pharmacological psychotherapies for these people.
Highlights
Motor tics are among the most common dyskinetic manifestations
The disorder is often accompanied by psychiatric behavioral disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-injurious behavior, depression, or specific learning disabilities
The findings reveal that the early and proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary in order to reduce or even eliminate both symptoms and social burden of the patient
Summary
Motor tics are among the most common dyskinetic manifestations. Their occurrence is mainly associated with primary tic disorders, including transient tic disorders, chronic tic disorders (motor or vocal), and Tourette syndrome (TS). Characteristic signs of the disorder are sudden repetitive motor and phonic tics. This is a complex disorder in which the severity, frequency, fluctuation, and localization of speech and tics are highly individual [1] In clinical practice, the characteristic features of tics accompanying TS were found. There is a “rebound” phenomenon, when after suppression the accumulated tics break out at a greater intensity than is usual for the patient. The disorder is often accompanied by psychiatric behavioral disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-injurious behavior, depression, or specific learning disabilities
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