Tough and Thermal Insulated Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) Aerogel Fibers Fabricated via Ambient Pressure Drying

Chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (CMPPESK) as a novel membrane material was successfully prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone), with concentrated sulfuric acid as the solvent and catalyst, and chloromethyl octyl ether with lower toxicity as the chloromethylated regent. The effects of the reaction conditions on the preparation of CMPPESKs with different degrees of chloromethylation were examined. The quantity of chloromethyl groups per repeated unit (DCM) of CMPPESK was determined by the method of analysis of the chlorine element, and structures were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The introduction of chloromethyl groups into the polymer chains led to a decrease in the decomposition temperature. With increasing DCM, the initial degradation temperature declined. CMPPESK had good solubility and was soluble in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and chloroform. However, quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (QAPPESK) had excellent solvent resistance, was only partly soluble in sulfuric acid (98%), and was swollen in N,N‐dimethylformamide. QAPPESK nanofiltration (NF) membranes had about 90% rejection for MgCl2, and the performance of the NF membrane prepared with DMAc as the solvent was superior to that of the NF membrane prepared with NMP as the solvent. In addition, the rejection to the different salt solutions followed the following sequence: MgCl2 > MgSO4 > NaCl > Na2SO4. Furthermore, the thermotolerance of the QAPPESK NF membrane was examined, and the results show that when the solution temperature rose from 11 to 90°C, the water flux increased more than threefold with stable salt rejection. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Synthesis and characterization of quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) for anion-exchange membrane

A series of novel poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)s was synthesized from bis(4-fluorophenyl) ketone, bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone, and 4-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3-phthalazin-1-one through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation. The synthesized polymers exhibited surprisingly high glass transition temperatures and had excellent thermooxidative properties. The melt viscosities of these synthesized polymers are generally too high to be processed by common processing methods because of their very high glass transition temperatures and amorphous microstructure. An attempt was made to reduce their melt viscosities by solution blending the synthesized polymer with two kinds of oligomers: low molecular weight poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) and commercial poly(ether sulfone). The results proved that the addition of the oligomers to the polymers led to a marked decrease in melt viscosities. Furthermore, no obvious changes were observed in the thermal and mechanical properties of these blends after oligomer additions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1425–1432, 1997

Functionalized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) was synthesized by successive chloromethylation and azidation, followed by curing reaction with the propargyl end-groups of various molecular weight crosslinking agents in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst via the azide-alkyne click reaction. The influences of the chain length of crosslinking agents on the poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) system were studied. FTIR and DSC tests demonstrated certain crosslinking by azide-alkyne reaction with the formation of triazole ring. DSC results showed that curing temperature shifted to lower temperatures considerably in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst. TGA showed cured polymers were of much higher thermal stability, including higher thermal decomposition temperatures and higher char-yielding properties. After being cured, the polymers became insoluble in organic solvents and the gel fraction of the cured polymers exceeded 71%. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction results indicated there was a short distance order in the poly(ether sulfone) (PES) main chain except for the azido methyl poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) and 4,4’ -bis(2-propynyloxy) biphenyl ( AMPPESK-BP) system.

A series of novel poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)s was synthesized from bis(4-fluorophenyl) ketone, bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone, and 4-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3-phthalazin-1-one through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation. The synthesized polymers exhibited surprisingly high glass transition temperatures and had excellent thermooxidative properties. The melt viscosities of these synthesized polymers are generally too high to be processed by common processing methods because of their very high glass transition temperatures and amorphous microstructure. An attempt was made to reduce their melt viscosities by solution blending the synthesized polymer with two kinds of oligomers: low molecular weight poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) and commercial poly(ether sulfone). The results proved that the addition of the oligomers to the polymers led to a marked decrease in melt viscosities. Furthermore, no obvious changes were observed in the thermal and mechanical properties of these blends after oligomer additions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1425–1432, 1997

The glass transition temperature (T g) and density of poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK A) were estimated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. A novel poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK B) was constructed by introducing nitrol and amini energetic groups into PPESK A, and T g and density were also simulated for PPESK B. The estimated T g values of PPESK A were very close to experimental results, while for PPESK B three estimated values differed by <5K. The interactions between explosives and polymer binders of polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) were simulated by MD. Comparison of the cohesive energy densities (CED) and solubility parameter (δ) values of PBXs, polymer binders, and mono-explosives indicate that, upon introducing polymer binders, the CED and δ values of PBXs decreased compared with those of corresponding mono-explosives. The binding energies (E bind) imply that 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-based PBXs are more stable than 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)-based PBXs. The mechanical properties, Young's modulus E, shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, Poisson's ratio γ and Cauchy pressure (C 12 -C 44) of the PBXs were assessed. The rigidity of the PBXs was found to be lower than that of mono-explosives. All K/G values were positive, indicating that PBXs are flexible. Based on these mechanical properties results, PBXs using PPESK B as a binder are superior to those using PPESK A as a binder. Due to the low C 12 -C 44 values of the PBXs, the ductility of the materials of the fracture surface is poorer, especially for TATB-based PBXs.

Treating sulfur black dye wastewater with quaternized poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) nanofiltration membranes

This paper discusses the effect of the chemical structure of sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) on the performance of composite nanofiltration membranes. The composite nanofiltration membranes were fabricated by coating sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) solution onto the top surface of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) support membranes. Three kinds of sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone)s with different amounts of phthalazinone moieties, namely, sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) (SPPES), sulfonated poly(phthalazinone biphenyl ether sulfone) (SPPBES), and sulfonated poly(phthalazinone hydroquinone ether sulfone)s (SPPHES), were used as coating materials. The solvents used in preparing the coating solution were investigated and optimized. The separation properties, thermal stability, and chlorine resistance of composite membranes were determined. The structures and morphologies of membranes were characterized with FTIR and SEM, respectively. The membrane prepared from SPPES with more phthalazinone moiety groups showed high water flux and salt rejection. The salt rejection of composite membranes followed the order SPPES > SPPHES > SPPBES. The rejection of the three composite membranes decreased slightly with the solution temperature rising from 20 to 90 °C, while the composite membrane with SPPES as the active layer showed a higher increase in flux than others. The results indicate that SPPES composite membranes show better thermal stability than others.

Silica aerogels display exceptional properties and great application potential, with a mature market in thermal insulation. Both supercritical drying (SCD) and ambient pressure drying (APD) routes are implemented industrially. Herein, how aging and silica content affect the mechanical properties, and how these in turn determine the shrinkage, spring back, and density during APD are systematically investigated. The APD densities display a U‐shaped dependence of density w.r.t. silica concentration. At low silica concentrations, the gels cannot withstand the capillary forces during APD and dense xerogels are obtained. At intermediate to high concentrations, APD shrinkage is strongly reduced and density increases with silica concentration. A series of cylinders are prepared by SCD and investigated by uniaxial compression and their strain recovery is determined systematically. The mechanical responses are plastic, viscoelastic, and brittle in nature for low, intermediate, and high silica concentrations, respectively. The strain recovery of the SCD cylinders correlates to the degree of spring back during APD. The viscoelastic response of SCD aerogels having 6 wt% corresponds to the silica concentration where a minimum in APD aerogel density is observed. The importance of gel mechanics for silica aerogel spring back during APD, in addition to surface modification and hydrophobization is highlighted.

Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a novel high performance thermoplastic with outstanding high temperature resistance and excellent mechanical properties and therefore, it is a very ideal candidate matrix for advanced composites. However, its high melting viscosity makes the melting process difficult. In this article, two well‐known high performance thermoplastics, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyethersulfone (PES) were introduced to PPESK in order to reduce the melting viscosity of PPESK and to improve the properties of composites. The effect of addition of PEI and PES on the resultant composites was studied. A series of unidirectional composites were made of PPESK and its PEI and PES blends as matrix and continuous carbon fiber (T700) as reinforcement. The solution prepregging method and hot‐press molding method were used in preparation of composites. The effects of polymer blends matrix on mechanical properties, interfacial adhesion, and fracture mode were studied by three points bending, interlaminar shearing, porosity, and scanning electron microscope test. The results show that the mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion increases, and the porosity decrease after blending PEI or PES in the matrix. Addition of PEI and PES to PPESK results in an obvious transition of fracture mode. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were successfully functionalized with phthalazinone‐containing diamine (DHPZDA) groups by the amidation reaction. The morphologies and structures of the DHPZDA‐functionalized MWNT (MWNT‐DHPZDA) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy, revealing that the DHPZDA were covalently attached onto the surface of MWNT, and the weight gain due to the functionalization was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The MWNT‐DHPZDA/poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)s (PPESK) composites with different filler content were prepared by the solution‐mixing method. MWNT‐DHPZDA can be uniformly dispersed in the matrix and the strong interfacial adhesion between two constituents was found, which resulted in obvious enhancements of the mechanical properties. For the composite with 1 wt% MWNT‐DHPZDA, the tensile strength and the Young's modulus are 102.1 and 1,974 MPa, about 1.65 and 1.72 times of the pure PPESK, respectively. Conductivity measurements indicate that a typical percolation transition behavior takes place for MWNT‐DHPZDA content in the range from 0.5 to 2 wt%. Additionally, introducing MWNT‐DHPZDA into PPESK is favorable to improvement of the thermal stability. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

Design and preparation structure/function integrated polymer composites with high thermal conductivities and ideal mechanical properties have attracted widespread attention. Nanoscale graphene were employed to fabricate the thermal‐structural integration graphene/carbon fiber/copoly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composites via solution prepreg followed by hot‐compression method. The thermal conductivity (λ) and mechanical properties were all improved with the formation of graphene thermally conductive self‐reinforced network. The thermal conductivity was increased to 1.057 W/(m K) by 89.8% higher than the pure carbon fiber composites. Moreover, the flexural strength (1878 MPa), compressive strength (907 MPa) and interlaminar shear strength (66 MPa) of graphene‐modified composites improved with 22.1%, 51.9%, and 24.5% than the conventional composites, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis has proved that graphene/carbon fiber/copoly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composites had excellent high temperature mechanical properties, which presented a great potential for structure/function integrated composites.

Molecular dynamics simulation on the physical properties of the novel designed poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK)

Preparation and characteristics of crosslinked sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) with poly(vinyl alcohol) for proton exchange membrane

Effects of sulfone/ketone in poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) on the gas permeation of their derived carbon membranes