Abstract
Total soluble and insoluble sulfur concentrations in urban snow collected around the island of Montreal were measured by using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) techniques. Cobalt was chosen as the internal standard for the soluble fractions while aluminum, whose concentration was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (NIAA), was used for the particulate matter. Feasibility experiments using induced coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry were also employed to determine soluble sulfur concentration in snow collected from several inner-city Toronto sites and from Sault St. Marie, Ontario. The use of of a 0.40-..mu..m Nuclepore filter revealed that between 85% and 90% of the sulfur was water soluble. The average total concentration was about 1500 ..mu..g os S/L of snow. Total annual bulk deposition was estimated to be 1300 mg/(m/sup 2/ year) for the soluble portion and 200 mg/(m/sup 2/ year) for the particulate matter. Enrichment factor values strongly suggested that sulfur arises predominantly from anthropogenic sources. Element pair correlations with manganese and the possible role of manganese as a catalytic oxidant of sulfur are discussed.
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