To Study the Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation on Obesity, Lipid Profile, and Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Not all women diagnosed with PCOS share the same cardiovascular risk profiles

A variant in the fibrillin-3 gene is associated with TGF-β and inhibin B levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Ischemia-modified albumin and cardiovascular risk markers in polycystic ovary syndrome with or without insulin resistance

Abdominal fat distribution and insulin resistance in Indian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine abnormality affecting women in the age group of 15–45 years. Women with PCOS typically exhibit an androgenic pattern of body fat distribution, characterised by central adiposity, and are frequently accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and elevated androgen levels. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) has been used as a detection method of IR. Neck circumference (NC) is an easy method and can be accurately correlated with HOMA-IR. Methods: After obtaining ethical approval, data were collected from 143 diagnosed cases of PCOS patients. Anthropometric measurements—including height (cm), weight (kg), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and NC—were recorded using standardised tools. All data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2013 and analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: In the present study, 80 (55%) PCOS patients were diagnosed with IR based on the HOMA-IR cut-off of > 2.5. The levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and anthropometric indexes (NC, WC, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) in the IR group were much higher than those in the control group. There was a strong correlation of NC with anthropometric ratios like WC, WHR and BMI, whereas the correlation was moderate with HOMA-IR. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that NC ≥ 30.75 cm had a high probability of being a marker of IR in women with PCOS. Conclusion: NC correlates significantly with BMI, WC, and WHR.

Letrozole induction of ovulation in women with clomiphene citrate–resistant polycystic ovary syndrome may not depend on the period of infertility, the body mass index, or the luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio

Neck circumference is a good predictor for insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder with significant age-related, anthropometric, and metabolic variations. Understanding the interplay between age, body composition, and micronutrient status can help identify predictors of metabolic dysfunction and long-term complications in women with PCOS. Most studies assess these factors in isolation, resulting in fragmented evidence and inconsistent conclusions. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive associations of age, anthropometric parameters, and micronutrient levels (vitamin B12 and vitamin D3) with key metabolic, cardiovascular, and nutritional markers in women diagnosed with PCOS. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among women with PCOS, divided into two age-groups: group I (15-30 years) and group II (31-40 years). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses were performed to investigate age- and obesity-related differences in metabolic parameters. Pearson's correlations and regression models were applied to assess the predictive strength of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), vitamin B12, and vitamin D3 on metabolic outcomes. The Benjamini-Hochberg method was applied to control the false discovery rate (FDR) for multiple comparisons and ensure conclusions account for the increased risk of type I error due to multiple comparisons, thereby supporting the validity of the study's observations. The PCOS cohort exhibited generalized overweight (BMI 23.0-24.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) in 40 and 54% of subjects, respectively; notably, visceral obesity (WC ≥80 cm) was present in 97% of the cohort, underscoring a marked predominance of central adiposity even among those with lower BMI thresholds. The PCOS cohort demonstrated high metabolic risk, with frequent insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension; notably, 25% had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), predominantly mild steatosis, indicating a substantial risk for future cardiometabolic complications. Advancing age was significantly associated with higher fasting blood sugar (FBS) (p = 0.019) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p = 0.048), while fasting insulin declined with age (p = 0.048). BMI and WC were strong predictors of metabolic risk, positively impacting fasting insulin, FBS, HbA1c, and blood pressure (p < 0.05), while showing significant negative associations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.001). Vitamin B12 and D3 levels showed no significant impact on metabolic parameters. Vitamin B12 was predicted only by age (p < 0.001) and vitamin D3 (p < 0.001), while vitamin D3 was influenced by age (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 levels (p = 0.041). Central obesity markers-particularly WC and BMI-are robust predictors of metabolic dysfunction in PCOS, offering greater prognostic value than micronutrient levels such as vitamin B12 or D3, which showed limited association with metabolic disturbances in this population. These findings highlight the primacy of early detection and intervention targeting adiposity and insulin resistance to reduce long-term cardiometabolic risk among women with PCOS. Integrated, multifactorial risk assessment remains essential, as age, nutritional deficits, and obesity-related factors independently and collectively drive adverse metabolic outcomes in PCOS, emphasizing the need for comprehensive preventive and management strategies.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic dysfunction. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Recent research suggests an association between impaired GLP-1 secretion and the metabolic disturbances observed in PCOS. Objective: To evaluate fasting and postprandial GLP-1 levels and their correlation with insulin resistance in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study included 30 women diagnosed with PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria and 20 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls. Fasting and postprandial GLP-1 levels, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were measured and statistically analyzed. Results: Women with PCOS exhibited significantly lower fasting and postprandial GLP-1 levels (p &lt; 0.01) and higher HOMA-IR values (p &lt; 0.001) compared to the control group. A strong inverse correlation was found between GLP-1 levels and insulin resistance markers, suggesting that reduced GLP-1 secretion contributes to metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. Conclusion: The study highlights the emerging role of GLP-1 in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in PCOS. Diminished GLP-1 levels may exacerbate metabolic disturbances and offer a novel therapeutic target. GLP-1–based treatments could potentially address both metabolic and reproductive aspects of PCOS.

Rosiglitazone treatment alleviates inflammation and improves liver function in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled study

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by oligo-anovulation (OA), hyperandrogenism (HA) and polycystic ovary morphology (PCO). While the Rotterdam criteria (defined as 2 out of 3 features) are the most widely used criteria in adults, controversy remains for the diagnostic criteria in adolescents as many PCOS features overlap with normal pubertal physiological changes. The 2018 international evidence-based PCOS guideline recommends modified Rotterdam criteria (OA and HA) in adolescents based on expert consensus. We aimed to 1) compare the prevalence of PCOS using original and modified Rotterdam criteria in an unselected adolescent cohort and 2) explore the association between diagnostic phenotypes and long-term body mass index (BMI) trajectories. Methods: 227 adolescent females of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study undertook detailed PCOS assessment at the mean age of 15.3 years (mean age of menarche 12.4 years). Detailed anthropometric measurements were collected from birth until age 22 years. T-test was used for group BMI comparisons and longitudinal BMI was analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations with PCOS by time and PCOS phenotypes by time as interaction terms. Results: PCOS was diagnosed in 66 (29.1%) participants using original Rotterdam criteria versus 37 (16.3%) participants using modified Rotterdam criteria. Using modified Rotterdam criteria, participants with PCOS had higher mean group BMI than participants without PCOS from age 5 years onwards. Significant interaction was detected between PCOS and time (p<0.001) on longitudinal BMI gain where higher BMI gain was observed in participants with PCOS from age 14 years onwards. Only the modified criteria phenotype was significantly associated wth long-term BMI gain whereas other PCOS phenotypes had similar BMI trajectories as participants without PCOS (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our findings validate the PCOS guideline recommendation as modified Rotterdam criteria reduce over-diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents and accurately identify the phenotype at risk of long-term weight gain. The BMI trajectories of females with and without PCOS diverge from early childhood suggesting that metabolic dysfunction in PCOS commences early in the pre-pubertal period. Disclosures: Nothing to disclose. Funding: PCOS CRE scholarship and Research Training Program Scholarship awarded to CT; NHMRC Medical Research Future fund awarded to HT; National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship awarded to LM; NHMRC early career fellowship awarded to AJ.

The primary cause of endocrine and reproductive abnormalities, with implications for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk conditions, is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Since Achard and Thiers originally characterized "la diabetes des femmes a barbe" (diabetes of the bearded ladies) in 1921, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have remained two of the most prevalent metabolic issues. Seventy percent 70% of women with PCOS exhibit IR, with significant proportion at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying cause of insulin resistance is unclear, and conflicting research findings have hampered care strategies for both PCOS in general and insulin resistance specifically. Research suggests that 80% of women with PCOS had low vitamin D levels, which may be the missing component between Vitamin D and insulin resistance, since Vitamin D helps in reuptake of calcium and insulin release is calcium dependent. Aim: To evaluate and compare the insulin resistance, lipid profiles, body mass index and Vitamin D levels in black women with PCOS who are IVF candidates. Materials and Methods: A case control study conducted at the Mediheal Fertility Center in Eldoret, Western Kenya, between June 2023 and February 2024. A sample size of 40 was used in this study. Study population involved women of reproductive age who were divided into two groups. Twenty (20) cases were identified as per the Rotterdam criteria of PCOS diagnosis and assigned into group I while the 20 controls were drawn from the general population in the neighborhood community and assigned into group II. The following measures were taken at the Mediheal Fertility Center and Moi Teaching &amp; Referral hospital laboratories: body mass index, waist hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid profiles; total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and vitamin D. Oxidase peroxidase, enzymatic colorimetric, and automated Chemiluminescence (ECLIA) method were used. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test and the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25, with significance set at P &lt;0.05. Results: While lipid profiles and the waist-hip ratio were similar, there was a slight variation in the means of BMI, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and vitamin D levels between the PCOS group and the non-PCOS group. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and BMI linked favorably in the PCOS group, whereas triglycerides and HOMA-IR correlated positively in group II. When comparing the metabolic parameters of the PCOS group, there were no statistically significant differences in HOMA-IR, BMI, waist- hip ratio, Vitamin D and lipid profiles cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL:LDL ratio, total cholesterol: triglyceride ratio and Castellis risk index between the PCOS and non PCOS group (all p&gt; 0.05). Regression analysis showed that LDL, HDL, TRI, vitamin D, and total cholesterol were important predictors of HOMA-IR but WHR was not. Conclusion: Although no statistically significant differences in HOMA-IR, BMI, Vitamin D, and lipid profiles were established between PCOS and non PCOS groups, these factors were still identified as significant predictors of insulin resistance within the PCOS population. Further research should explore additional factors influencing insulin resistance in PCOS, such as genetic predispositions or lifestyle interventions and assess the potential synergistic effects of Vitamin D supplementation and hypoglycemic agents on lipid metabolism and metabolic dysregulations.

Background of the study: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder that affects 5% to 10% of females globally during their reproductive years and can lead to other complications, such as diabetes. While PCOS can develop due to various factors, insulin resistance (IR) is a crucial underlying cause. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effects of Yoga, high probiotic-food supplements, and the Mediterranean diet on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: In this RCT, 52 females diagnosed with PCOS and IR participated. The subjects were assigned into two groups, with the study group (n=26) following to a Mediterranean diet rich in probiotics and engaging in daily one-hour yoga sessions. In contrast, the control group (n=26) practiced Yoga for 1 hour daily. The intervention duration in both groups was 12 weeks. We planned a Mediterranean diet rich in probiotics and Yoga practice. The diet was prepared as the macronutrient of 55–60% of calories from carbohydrates (with simple sugars representing less than 10%), 10–15% of calories from protein, and 30–35% of calories from fat (mostly monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats) following WHO recommendations. The Yogo practice includes “warming-up exercises (Jathi(s))”, “characteristic body postures (Asana(s))”, “symbolic gestures (Mudra(s))”, “chanting of sacred sounds (Om japa)”, and “breathing techniques (Pranayama)”. The primary outcome measures, including FBG, homeostatic model assessment of IR, and serum insulin, were measured at pretest and after twelve weeks. The homeostatic model assessment of IR was calculated using a specific formula. Serum insulin levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Secondary outcomes such as body weight, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) were also assessed. Results: After twelve weeks of treatment, both groups showed important enhancements in insulin resistance, serum insulin, and fasting blood glucose (p 0.05). Group A significantly improved weight, BMI, hip circumference, insulin resistance, serum insulin, and fasting blood glucose than group B (p 0.05). There was no significant difference in waist circumference between the groups (p 0.05). Conclusion: Integrating high-probiotic supplements into the diet alongside Yoga for 12 weeks significantly enhances various health parameters, including serum insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment of IR, fasting blood glucose, and body measurements such as waist and hip circumference, as well as BMI, in women with PCOS, compared to practicing Yoga alone.

Abnormal aminotransferase activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study