To Dwell Among

This book presents an interdisciplinary approach to the definition of torture by a group of prominent scholars of behavioral sciences, international law, human rights, and public health with internationally recognized expertise and authority in their field. It brings together behavioral science and international law perspectives on torture in an effort to promote a sound theory- and empirical evidence-based legal understanding of torture. The book consists of four parts. The behavioral science perspective in Part I includes a learning theory formulation of torture, which points to “helplessness under the control of others” as a defining element of torture. This formulation entails a contextual/cumulative approach in assessment of “pain or suffering” induced by ill-treatments and a “risk-based” approach in assessment of individual cases to avoid the problem of circularity in a case-by-case approach. Also reviewed are the definitional implications of this formulation for ill-treatments in different contexts, such as domestic violence and adverse conditions of penal confinement. Part II consists of four chapters that present international law perspectives on the definition of torture and highlight the increasingly broader coverage of ill-treatments in contexts beyond official custody. Part III consists of chapters that provide an account of the US experience with torture in the aftermath of 9/11 and discuss definitional issues around “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Part IV consists of a concluding chapter (by the editor) that addresses the comments by international law scholars on the behavioral science perspective on torture and reviews the points of agreement and disagreement between behavioral science and international law perspectives.

A behavioral science perspective in the comparative approach to the delivery of health care

This study aimed to establish the degree of correlation of workplace spirituality and work engagement among the faculty of the Senior High School (SHS) of San Beda University–Manila. The correlational design was utilized to ascertain if there is a relationship existing between workplace spirituality (independent variable) and work engagement (dependent variable). The workplace components presented in the study are meaningful work, a sense of community, and alignment with organizational values. Work engagement was studied based on vigor, dedication, and absorption. Data were obtained through questionnaires that were sent to target respondents. The findings of the study established that there is a positive correlation between workplace spirituality and work engagement. The paper concluded with several implications and recommendations that will strengthen the workplace spirituality of faculty members that will benefit both the employee and the organization. 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This paper synthesizes the perspectives from behavioral science and medical anthropology to discuss factors affecting prostate cancer screenings among African American men. It argues that the hegemonic health behavior model historically used to frame prostate cancer screenings without considering the context in which African American men are embedded. By the same token, the sociocultural perspective tends to articulate the cultural meaning and social relationships experienced by patients; however, it may operate largely in its own field and becomes somewhat peripheral to the domain of traditional behavioral models. This paper accordingly suggests that through exploration of a synthetic approach combining behavioral science and anthropological perspectives, we can display the relationship between individual – (e.g., perceived threats) and sociocultural – related factors (e.g., intimate and family relationship, socioeconomic status, and sense of masculinity) and practices of prostate cancer screenings among African American men.

Reducing food waste in the student population is important for promoting sustainable economic, social, and ecological development. In this paper, with the help of CiteSpace software (versions 6.1.R6 and 6.2.R4), we visually analyze the literature related to the food waste of students in the WoS core collection database. It is found that (1) scholars are paying increasing attention to the field of student food waste research, with the United States being the country with the largest total amount of research in this field, the greatest academic influence, and the most frequent cooperation with other countries. (2) Research in this field can be broadly divided into three phases: the starting period (2000–2010), the exploration period (2011–2015), and the development period (2016–2023). The research on student food waste involves multiple fields of knowledge, such as statistics, behavior, psychology, management, nutrition, etc. It is divided into three research hotspots, namely student food waste quantity measurement, student food waste influencing factors, and student food waste behavioral interventions, as well as three cutting-edge themes, namely student food waste in developing countries, student food waste and dietary intake and nutritional health, and student food waste from the perspective of behavioral science. (3) Scholars from different countries/regions have different research focuses. Research in the United States focuses on the development of student food waste interventions and the investigation of students’ and teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to intervention in student populations; European scholars focus on researching this area from a behavioral perspective; developing countries in Asia focus on quantifying the level of food waste among college students and exploring the impact of demographic factors on student food waste; and developed countries in Asia focus on surveys of teachers, dietitians, and other parties to explore the impact of food education on food waste and propose food education interventions based on the recommendations of various parties. Based on the above findings, future research directions are proposed to provide references for subsequent research on food waste among students.

Victims of property appropriation in the eighteenth century did not have to rely solely on their own resources in order to detect, apprehend, and prosecute offenders. They were often able to use the physical, financial, and informational resources provided by public funding and statutory incentives, by prosecution associations, by the printed media, by neighbours and friends, and by public or private policing networks. Some of these resources were available whatever the victim’s wealth or status; others were not. Some cost money; others provided it. To understand the decisions that were made during the pretrial stages of the accused’s journey towards formal prosecution it is necessary to ask several questions about these resources. Who decided what assistance would be given, and who was responsible for giving it? How helpful were the people and material resources made available, and what effect did they have on detection and prosecution rates? Which social groups found it easiest to mobilize these resources, and to what extent did using them place restraints upon the victim’s discretionary powers? The answers to these questions are complex because the support mechanisms provided for victims by local parishes, by the central state, by voluntary associations, and by entrepreneurs such as printers and thieftakers changed rapidly between 1740 and 1820.

In response to an increased focus on acceptability research in healthcare, this perspective paper highlights the challenges of assessing acceptability and the need for, and importance of, further work to develop best practice guidelines for evaluating the acceptability of cancer screening. We report the results of a rapid consultation consensus survey carried out to explore the extent of conceptual, methodological, and translational challenges shared by those involved in assessing the acceptability of cancer screening. Our findings demonstrate that the current lack of consensus regarding the conceptualization and definition of acceptability is a key challenge which gives rise to further methodological and translational issues. The implications of the challenges experienced by those assessing the acceptability of cancer screening are discussed from a behavioral science perspective.

Social media has become an integral part of our lives, providing a platform for communication, sharing, and networking. However, with the increasing use of social media, we have also witnessed a rise in religion-based hate crimes and church vandalism in cyberspace. This paper aims to explore these issues from a behavioral science perspective. The paper provides an overview of the current state of religion-based hate crimes and church vandalism in cyberspace. It will delve into the various types of attacks that occur, including hate speech, harassment, and vandalism. The paper examines the different platforms used for these attacks, including social media, messaging apps, and forums. It analyses the psychological and social factors that contribute to religion-based hate crimes and church vandalism in cyberspace. This includes the influence of group dynamics, the effects of anonymity, and the impact of confirmation bias. The paper discusses the role of social media companies in mitigating these issues. This includes examining the effectiveness of current policies, as well as exploring potential solutions, such as algorithmic interventions and community-based approaches. The paper draws on a range of case studies and examples from around the world, highlighting the global nature of this problem. It will also explore the challenges of addressing religion-based hate crime and church vandalism in cyberspace, including the difficulties in regulating social media platforms and holding perpetrators accountable. The paper examines some of the strategies that can be employed to prevent and combat these crimes, including education, awareness-raising, and community-based initiatives. Finally, it provides recommendations for individuals and organizations to prevent and respond to religion-based hate crimes and church vandalism in cyberspace. This includes strategies for promoting tolerance, combating confirmation bias, and fostering positive online behavior.

Based on the unique disadvantaged background of new ventures, we analyze the key factors affecting the competitive advantage of new ventures. Learning from the experiential learning theory and the strategic management theory, we construct the mechanism model of the influence of entrepreneurial learning on the competitive advantage of new ventures, and propose the role of entrepreneurial strategy in this influencing process, to reveal systematically the intrinsic relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial strategy and the competitive advantage of new ventures. The following conclusions are obtained by validating relevant models and hypotheses through the data analysis of 115 valid samples in Beijing and Shanghai.（1）Entrepreneurial learning includes two types, namely, experiential learning and observational learning, both of which have a positive impact on the competitive advantage of new ventures.（2）Different types of entrepreneurial strategy have different influences on the competitive advantage of new ventures. Under the unfavorable conditions such as the shortage of resources, exploitative strategy is more helpful for new ventures to gain the competitive advantage. However, the empirical analysis shows that new ventures’ implementation of exploratory strategy has no significant effect on its competitive advantage.（3）The empirical analysis of this study shows that exploitative strategy plays a mediating role between experiential learning, observational learning and the competitive advantage of new ventures. However, the mediating role of exploratory strategy between entrepreneurial learning and the competitive advantage of new ventures is not significant. This study integrates the relevant theories of entrepreneurial learning and strategic management, discusses the impact of entrepreneurial learning on the competitive advantage of new ventures, and analyzes the path mechanism of entrepreneurial strategy in the process of entrepreneurial learning affecting the competitive advantage of new ventures, thus making up for the lack of relevant theoretical research. The theoretical contribution of this research is reflected in the following three aspects:（1）We reveal the impact of entrepreneurial learning on the competitive advantage of new ventures. The existing research mainly analyzes from the perspective of strategic management and focuses on how large enterprises obtain the competitive advantage through the strategic process. Less research is based on the characteristics of new ventures and the perspective of learning behavior to explore how new ventures can gain the competitive advantage.（2）We explore the role of entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurial strategy. Most studies on entrepreneurial strategy have focused on exploring their impact on enterprises’ development, ignoring what factors contribute to the formation of entrepreneurial strategy of new ventures.（3）Based on the intermediary variable of entrepreneurial strategy, the indirect effect of entrepreneurial learning on the competitive advantage of new ventures has been explained. This conclusion helps to guide Chinese entrepreneurs to adopt a reasonable learning path in a highly uncertain environment, effectively use the internal and external knowledge of new ventures, and thus use the matching entrepreneurial strategy to survive and compete in the fierce market to get a relative advantage.

‘Hypernudge’ describes a group of phenomena which occur at the intersection of behavioural science and computer science, and law. The term been increasingly used in the latter field, though sparingly in behavioural science. As such, ‘hypernudge’ remains largely absent from the behavioural science lexicon, inhibiting the field from participating within vital discussions surrounding the use of psychological insights with ubiquitous computing.In this article, I search for the ‘nudge’ in hypernudge by critiquing the differences between the two concepts from a behavioural science perspective. I ‘find the nudge’ in hypernudge by conceptualising a hypernudge as a system of nudges which change over time and in response to feedback. In this sense, a hypernudge is not a type of nudge, but an arrangement of nudges. This article then engages in an extensive discussion of the implications on this concept for the hypernudging programme, and for nudging more broadly.

Multimodal prehabilitation is increasingly recognized as an important component of the pre-operative pathway in oncology. It aims to optimize physical and psychological health through delivery of a series of tailored interventions including exercise, nutrition, and psychological support. At the core of this prescription is a need for considerable health behavior change, to ensure that patients are engaged with and adhere to these interventions and experience the associated benefits. To date the prehabilitation literature has focused on testing the efficacy of devised exercise and nutritional interventions with a primary focus on physiological and mechanistic outcomes with little consideration for the role of behavioral science, supporting individual behavior change or optimizing patient engagement. Changing health behavior is complex and to maximize success, prehabilitation programs should draw on latest insights from the field of behavioral science. Behavioral science offers extensive knowledge on theories and models of health behavior change to further advance intervention effectiveness. Similarly, interventions developed with a person-centered approach, taking into consideration individual needs and preferences will increase engagement. In this article, we will provide an overview of the extent to which the existing prehabilitation literature incorporates behavioral science, as well as studies that have explored patient's attitudes toward prehabilitation. We will go on to describe and critique ongoing trials in a variety of contexts within oncology prehabilitation and discuss how current scientific knowledge may be enhanced from a behavioral science perspective. We will also consider the role of “surgery schools” and detail practical recommendations that can be embedded in existing or emerging clinical settings.

Sustainable production framework for cement manufacturing firms: A behavioural perspective

Behavioral sciences and the law tend to approach issues of diversity from markedly different perspectives. The present chapter focuses on this divergence as it relates to the controversial issues of defining, assessing, and remedying racial bias. Our objective is not to offer a value judgment regarding the relative utility of either the legal or behavioral science perspective on bias, but rather to illuminate in balanced fashion the landscape of this institutional divide. For each of the three critical areas of divergence identified—how bias is defined, how bias is assessed, and how bias is remedied—we review seminal cases and standard legal practices alongside contemporary behavioral science research that offers a counterpoint to this perspective. We conclude with considerations for future work to bridge the legal–behavioral science divide.

‘Kawaii’ is one of the most popular words in contemporary Japan and is recognized as representative of Japanese pop culture. It is often translated into English as ‘cute’, but a subtle difference of nuance seems to exist between the two words. In this article, a framework for research on kawaii from a behavioural science perspective is put forward. After introducing the dictionary definition, history and current usage of kawaii, this article reports survey results of Japanese students and office workers about their attitudes towards kawaii. These findings and past psychological and behavioural science research lead to a two-layer model that consists of kawaii as an emotion and kawaii as a social value. This model postulates that the basis of kawaii is a positive emotion related to the social motivation of watching for and staying with preferable persons and objects, which is typically observed in affection towards babies and infants, but not limited to them. This culturally non-specific, biological trait has been appreciated and fostered in Japan by certain characteristics of Japanese culture. Because previous research on cuteness has been almost exclusively associated with infant physical attractiveness and baby schema, using the relatively fresh, exotic word ‘kawaii’ may be helpful to describe this broader psychological concept.

This is a progress report of activities in the fourth year of the Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies Mapping Project on Energy and the Social Sciences. The Mapping Project evaluates past and present social and behavioral science energy studies, assesses the potential for social and behavioral science contributions to a resolution of the energy problems in the future, and diffuses social and behavioral science information and perspectives to policymakers and others concerned with US or world energy developments. Activities in FY 1979 included meetings, workshops, collecting bibliographic material, publications, evaluating DOE programs in buildings and transportation, performing a special study of potential social impacts of 4 coal technologies, and developing plans for 10 specific research studies on energy.