Abstract

The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) provides a possibility for perturb-and-measure (PAM) studies of the brain. In such studies, the ongoing electrical activity is modulated or new activity is elicited by TMS and the changes (perturbations) are observed using EEG. This is a powerful method, allowing one to measure and map cortical excitability, area-to-area effective connectivity, and other characteristics that reflect the instantaneous state of the brain. Furthermore, one can study the neurophysiological dynamics of the brain by exciting it from its default or «normal» state into a low-entropy state (low-probability state), from which it tends to return to high-entropy states (high-probability states). This behavior may provide us information about relevant time scales and plasticity of neuronal networks. However, the recording and analysis of microvolt-level EEG signals after the very strong electromagnetic TMS pulse that also activates cranial muscles is highly nontrivial. Technology, methodology, and signal-processing algorithms to perform PAM studies with TMS–EEG will be described.

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