Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials have garnered extensive scientific interest since 1972 and have been widely used in many areas, such as sustainable energy generation and the removal of environmental pollutants. Although TiO2 possesses the desired performance in utilizing ultraviolet light, its overall solar activity is still very limited because of a wide bandgap (3.0–3.2 eV) that cannot make use of visible light or light of longer wavelength. This phenomenon is a deficiency for TiO2 with respect to its potential application in visible light photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical devices, as well as photovoltaics and sensors. The high overpotential, sluggish migration, and rapid recombination of photogenerated electron/hole pairs are crucial factors that restrict further application of TiO2. Recently, a broad range of research efforts has been devoted to enhancing the optical and electrical properties of TiO2, resulting in improved photocatalytic activity. This review mainly outlines state-of-the-art modification strategies in optimizing the photocatalytic performance of TiO2, including the introduction of intrinsic defects and foreign species into the TiO2 lattice, morphology and crystal facet control, and the development of unique mesocrystal structures. The band structures, electronic properties, and chemical features of the modified TiO2 nanomaterials are clarified in detail along with details regarding their photocatalytic performance and various applications.
Highlights
Over the past several decades, the increasing severe energy shortages and environmental pollution have caused great concern worldwide
The experiment showed that the conversion rate of the P25/NCQD composite material (27.0%) was more than twice that of P25 (10%) without modification, and the selectivity in visible light increased from 37.4% to 49.3%
As discussed in this review article, TiO2 -based nanomaterials with wide band gaps have advantages associated with natural geologic abundance, nontoxicity and stability but they exhibit inherent deficiencies and limitations related to ineffective visible light responses and other photocatalytic properties
Summary
Over the past several decades, the increasing severe energy shortages and environmental pollution have caused great concern worldwide. The photocatalytic process mainly involves the steps of generation, separation, recombination, and surface capture of photogenerated electrons and hole pairs. Photochemical reactions occurcatalyst, on the which surfaceincludes of a solid catalyst, which oxidation reactions of photogenerated holes andof reduction reactionsholes of photogenerated includes two half-reaction oxidation reactions photogenerated and reductionelectrons reactions[6]. During this process, a large photogenerated electrons [6]. /h+ pairs) recombine quickly at the(esurface andrecombine interior ofquickly the bulk These charge carriers cannot participate in the subsequent photocatalytic of light (photon generation) or heat.
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