Abstract
The restriction on usage of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) under Stockholm Convention may promote the production and application of medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) as substitutes. This study focused on the tissue-specific exposure to SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in black-spotted frog, a prevalent amphibian species in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The total CP concentrations in frog liver, muscle, and egg samples ranged of 35-1200, 6.3-97, and 6.8-300 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Livers and eggs contained primary SCCPs (on average 78%) while MCCPs (43%) together with SCCPs (41%) were dominant in muscles. A significantly negative correlation was observed between hepatosomatic index and CPs concentration in liver ( p < 0.01), indicating that CP exposure may lower survival rates of frogs by suppressing the energy storage in liver. Additionally, maternal transfer, an important uptake pathway for CPs, was evaluated for the first time by calculating the ratios of CP levels in eggs to those in their paired liver tissues. The ratio of egg to liver for CP congener groups raised with the increasing of log Kow values, indicating mother to egg transport of CPs was related to the lipophilicity of the chemicals.
Highlights
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), known as polychlorinated nalkanes, are as suite of large production volume chemicals that have been widely used as lubricants, flame retardants, and plasticizers for decades.[1,2] By using a simple production process of direct radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks,[3] the annual production amount of CPs in China reached 1.05 million tons in 2013, making China the largest producer, consumer, and exporter worldwide.[4]
Due to their large-scale and heavy usage, CPs have been detected in a variety of environment compartments around world.[5−8] According to the carbon chain length, CPs are commonly classified into shortchain (SCCPs, C10−13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14−17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C≥18)
In April 2017, SCCPs have been officially listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.[14]
Summary
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), known as polychlorinated nalkanes, are as suite of large production volume chemicals that have been widely used as lubricants, flame retardants, and plasticizers for decades.[1,2] By using a simple production process of direct radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks,[3] the annual production amount of CPs in China reached 1.05 million tons in 2013, making China the largest producer, consumer, and exporter worldwide.[4]. Studies on the occurrence and fate of these two groups are still limited, for LCCPs.[18]
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