Timing Critique in Arabic: The Thought of Muḥammad ‘Ābid al-Jābirī and ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ṭaha in the Context of the Arabic Reception of Kant

This research tries to shed light on the extent of the interest of hadith scholars in the Arabic language, by presenting practical models that highlight some areas of the influence of the Arabic language in distinguishing between the accepted hadith from the refused. The study ended with an important conclusion: The need of the prophetic hadith for the Arabic language is no less than the need of the Arabic language for the prophetic hadith, as lack of knowledge in the Arabic language and the different connotations of its pronunciations may lead to an illusion of contradiction between some established and authentic hadiths which leads to challenging or questioning the authority of the Sunnah of Prophet or discrediting a trustworthy narrator, or modifying the wounded. Consequently, with ignorance of the Arabic language, authentic hadiths could become weak and non-existing Hadiths could become part of the sunnah of the Prophet

At the time of arrival of Muslim community in Sub-Continent Region and due to their settlement in the region Arabic Language has been prevailed and such as the system of its publication and learning has been commenced. Because the directives of Islam and laws are in the Arabic Language as per Quran & Sunna so that it is necessary to learn the Arabic language for the awareness of Islamic directions. So that to achieve the knowledge of Sharia inclu-ding the expertise the peoples of Sub-continent has been achieved the expertise of Arabic language, literature, knowl-edge Ilmul Saraf al-khawa, knowledge of al-ishtiaq & Ilmul Balaghta etc. Moreover it is clarify that Scholar of religious have shown their expertise so that the scholar of Arab have been convinced their expertise. The basic point of service in Arabic Language of Scholars of Sub-Continent that they do not served only to enhance the language but the cause of service was to serve themselves on religious matters and represents themselves on work hard and tried themselves to achieve the better performance of identification of Islam. A positive result and effects have been achieved as a sun shining of Islam is remaining and its waves are enhancing all around the world such as the sun shining of Islam is remained in Arab world such as the publication of literature is also remaining in the Sub-Continent region in the actual shape and saved. Because the Islam will remain till the day of judg-ment and its representatives/workers will born till the date such as the scholars of literatures will also born and they will save the knowledge of Arabic. They will alive till the Day of Judgment.

From One Universal Historiography to the Other: The Reorientation of Ancient Historiography in Byzantium and its Reception in Arabic—The Islamic Organization of Written Memory

ظاهرة موت الألفاظ في تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي (ت1205هـ) دراسة وتأصيلا مجدي فتحي محمد محمد قشيوط قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية للبنين بالقاهرة، جامعة الأزهر،مصر. البريد الإلکتروني: MagdiMohammed717.el@azhar.edu.eg الملخـــص: إن من ألفاظ اللغة العربية ما يملک مقومات الحياة والبقاء فيبقى ويعمر فلا يموت، ولو مضى عليه آلاف السنين؛ وقد کان سر البقاء والخلود نزول القرآن الکريم باللسان العربي المبين، فاستمدت العربية منه مفرداتها وتراکيبها وأساليبها، وقوة المعنى ودوامه، ورشاقة اللفظ وعذوبة جرسه، کما استمدت أسباب بقائها، وأسرار بلاغتها، وثراء معجمها، فکانت ــ ولا ريب ــ أکرم اللغات، وأوضحها بيانا، وأوفرها ذخيرة، وأبلغها تعبيرا، وأعلاها قدرا؛ فهذا التشريف الإلهي کان مصدر الحفظ والمناعة والمتانة والقوة للغة العربية، ومن ألفاظ اللغة العربية ما يفقد تلک المقومات فيکون عرضة للهجر والموت والانقراض، إلا أن هذا لا يکون أبديا؛ فکل لفظ مات واندثر قد تدب فيه الحياة من جديد، وتجري به الألسنة بمعناه القديم أو بإلباسه معنى جديدا، کما أن من ألفاظ اللغة العربية ما يموت فلا تکتب له الحياة لعدم توافر الدواعي لإحيائه. وقد حافظ علماء اللغة العربية على الممات القديم، ودونوه في معجماتهم، ولعل من أبرز العوامل التي أدت إلى اشتمال العربية على هذا الثراء اللفظي أن الممات من ألفاظها کتب له البقاء بتدوينه، فإن احتفاظ أصحاب المعاجم العربية بالممات في معاجمهم ــ لاسيما المعاجم الکبيرة والمتأخرة ــ کان عاملا مهما لإحياء هذا الممات عند الحاجة، إذ لا تحتفظ سائر اللغات الأخرى إلا بالمستعمل. وبغيتنا في هذا البحث الکشف عن ظاهرة موت الألفاظ في لغتنا العربية من خلال معجم تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي، وآل عنوان هذا البحث إلى (ظاهرة موت الألفاظ في تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي (ت1205هـ) دراسة وتأصيلا). وتحدثت فيه عن تأصيل مصطلحات موت الألفاظ. وأسباب موت الألفاظ في العربية، ودور الممات في نمو اللغة وإثرائها، وموت الألفاظ في تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس للزبيدي، وبينت منهج الزبيدي في إيراد الممات في تاجه، کما بينت الممات من الأسماء والأفعال في التاج. The Phenomenon of Decaying Words from Al- Zubaidi's (Died in 1205 A.H.) Book of T aj Al- Arous min Jawaher Al- Qamus, An Originating Study By: Magdy Fathy Mohammed Mohammed Kasheyot Department of Arabic Language and Literature Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Men in Cairo Azhar University E-mail: MagdiMohammed717.el@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: Some words in Arabic have the capability of surviving, flourishing and they do not decay even after thousands of years. The secret of survival and immortality was embodied in the revelation of the Holy Qur'an in plain Arabic speech. Arabic language derived its items of vocabulary, structures, styles, powerful and sustainable meanings as well as its sweet and flexible utterances. It also derived its own sustainability, the secrets of its rhetoric and its richness of meaning from the Holy Qur'an so that Arabic established itself as one of the most honorable, indicative, fertile, eloquent, exalted languages in the world. Such divine, graceful and honorable status was the source of preservation, prevention, durability and strength of Arabic language. Some Arabic words may lack such attributes therefore, it may be vulnerable to decay and disappearance. However, this symptom can hardly last forever since every word that experienced decay or disappearance may come back to life attired in its ancient meaning or in a new fashion. Nevertheless, some Arabic words have already decayed and never reappeared again because they lacked the motives for revival. Scholars of Arabic language noted down in their dictionaries all the words that had decayed in earlier times. One of the most outstanding features of Arabic language is its rich verbal content and that is why the words that decayed managed to survive through writing them down on the hands of those who preserved such Arabic dictionaries of the decaying words; especially the large recent ones. This was an important factor for reviving the old words that decayed when needed since other languages do not preserve any words rather than those which are usable. Thus, the objective of this research is to highlight the phenomenon of decaying words in our Arabic language through Al- Zubaidi's dictionary of Taj Al- Arous min Jawaher Al- Qamus. The researcher has originated the terms of decaying words, causes of decay in Arabic, the role of decaying words in developing and enriching language and the decay of words in Al- Zubaidi's Taj Al- Arous min Jawaher Al- Qamus. In addition, the research has studied Al- Zubaidi's approach of including the decaying words in his Taj as well studying the nouns and verbs that decayed and were stated in the Taj.

This article explains the importance of the Arabic language and its methods to understand the texts of the Qur’an and hadith. Arabic language scholars have set methods that should be followed in order to produce an accurate understanding of Qur’an and hadith texts. The mastery of the rules of the Arabic language is very important because any negligence will lead to deviation from the true meaning of the Qur’an and hadith. Through a direct analysis of the works of selected scholars, this article discusses scholars’ differences of understanding towards Qur’an and hadith texts according to their Arabic language proficiency.

The Arabic language is the language of eloquence, and God Almighty has honored it with the revelation of the Qur'an on the methods of its people in discourse. And when the Qur'an was revealed, it witnessed the peak of maturity that made it fit to challenge the eloquent Arabs with a hadith like the Qur'an. The Arabs were unable to come up with fluent words that were similar to the Qur'an. The language of the Qur'an being challenged was extremely graceful, the most incapable of rhetoric, astonishing the listeners, and capturing minds and hearts as if it were magic because it is eloquent. For this reason, we aspired to reveal one of the methods of the Great Qur'an that came by the methods of the Arabs in eloquence and speech, which is where the singular noun contradicts what preceded it in the systems in syntax. As if it was alone in the systems. This method was called (the exception to the exclusion), and it is a broad method used by the Arabs in their speech, with the name ``Al-nasb for exclusion,'' sometimes ``by Al-nasb depending on praise and slander,'' and sometimes ``by Al-nasb by specialization.'' The reason for cutting the adjective from the descriptive is due to a special rhetorical reason in which the new meaning is performed more strongly, and is represented in showing praise, slander, or mercy by specifying the word from the context and not following it in an expression similar to it in the style of attention used by the Arabs, to alert the mind of the listener and activate it for the speech delivered. When the Arabs focus on praise and vilification, they want to single out the praised and the blameworthy to specialize in them. If the Arab wants to draw attention to what he wants of praise, slander, or mercy, he goes against what is accustomed to the common and familiar ways of expression, so he cuts the adjective from the participle, and does not follow it in the expression. The solution to the research problem is summarized by questions, including, What is the purpose of (Al-nasb) on (Al-qate')? Is it a style of the Arabs accustomed to the speech? What are the meanings that came from (Al-qate')? How can we deal with the opinions that say this way is wrong? Why were some Qur'anic words chosen in particular? What are the rhetorical cases for this method? The study required that the research be divided into four sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, in which we followed the inductive-analytical method. As for the sources, books on language, grammar, and meanings had the largest share, in addition to books on the interpretation of the Qur'an.
 Keywords: (Al-nasb) on (Al-qate'), accusative based on praise and slander, accusative based on mistake, indication of expression, indication of context, rhetorical methods

This study aimed to focus on the light of The Arabic language and its scholars through the book Al_daris fi tarikh Al_Madaris by Abdul Qadir Al_Nuaimi, which is considered the first one of books that we received, and that chronicles to schools of Damascus, as this study also included on the highlighting scholars of the Arabic language in Damascus and it was the most important centers which the science of language. Its scholars contributed to preserve The Arabic language and its safety. As well as, there were many famous scholars appeared in this wide field who played a big role that contributed to its development and prosperity.

The Prophetic Hadith is a crucial and important source for grammatical and rhetorical studies in language. It was always considered a valuable source of guidance and remains to be one of the major reference points for scholars in language because the prophet May peace and blessings be upon him was one of the most linguistically talented individuals in his clarity, and grammatical use. Furthermore، he was experienced in understanding of pragmatic and syntax use of the Arabic language. All these qualities and the authenticity of the Hadiths make is second most important text after the holy Quran This study showed the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) rhetoric and linguistic knowledge were among the most prominent signs of his magnificence and grace. Also, It confirms his undeniable prophet- hood as he, (peace be upon him), possessed mastery of the spoken language, unattainable wisdom, truthful speech, straight path, and infinite miracle. Allah the Almighty said: “Nor does he speak out of desire. It is naught but revelation that is revealed.” And Allah the Almighty also said: “The faithful spirit has defended with it. Upon your heart that you may be of the warners. In Plain Arabic Language.” This study addressed the linguistic and terminological meaning of rhetoric and explained the reasons for the eloquence of the Hadith and the beauty if use of language without and additions or unnecessary use of words, as well as the superior ability to inspire visual responses via the use of similarity, repetition, interrogation, metaphor, dialogue, suspense and all the skills performed by the Prophet's Hadith according to the nature of the situation, and the context all whilst taking into account the case the listeners through the choice of words and phrases appropriate to their minds to elicit clear understanding and persuasion. All these points were supported by evidence from the Hadith to confirm and strengthen this study.

This research aims to identify a group of phonetic phenomenas related to the study of letters in the Arabic language, which received great attention from researchers of linguists, as it is one of the joint investigations between phonology and intonation science, which has (Al-Idghaam,Al- Iqlaab and Al-Ikhfaa) as a reference, from the perspective of Sheikh Jalal Al-Hanafi Al-Baghdadi. As Jalal Al-Hanafi is considered to be one of the prominent specialists in phonetic studies in Iraq, he dealt with many phonetic issues, through which he studied the relationships the affect and influence between Arabic tones, and demonstrated the importance that they can play in vocal performance, And he had good opinions and various views towards this phenomena, in terms of standing on their concept, types, limits, and the reasons behind them, as he went against the opinions of those who preceded him in their interpretation of them. So, he studied it in a critical interpretive study based on self-observation, or phonetic analysis supported by modern phonetic studies, and he attempted to interpret it phonetically, and through it, he sought to reveal the defect and disorders he found in interpreting some of the terms of these phenomenas among other scholars of language and intonation.

Before the science of grammar became a systematic branch of science in the Arabic language, the foundations of this science began to be laid. In order to protect the Arabic language from linguistic errors and most importantly to read and understand the Holy Qur'an correctly, Arabic language grammar studies started in the Sadr al-Islamic period. In the following periods, these studies began to be put forward systematically and grammatical schools emerged. With the Basra school of grammar, which was the first school of grammar to emerge, grammar studies became systematized. Important studies on Arabic grammar in Basra led to the development of this science and its spread to different cities. The language scholars trained in Basra were instrumental in the birth of the madrasas of Kūfah and Baghdad in the Eastern Arab world and the Andalusian grammar school in the Western Arab world. These grammatical schools, which carried out studies on the science of grammar, endeavored to determine the rules of language by following different paths. There are some claims put forward by some western orientalists about these studies that started in the early periods of Islam. These orientalists claim that Syriac and Greek grammars were influential on the birth of Arabic grammatical studies. There are also observers who disagree with and oppose the orientalists who put forward this claim. Scholars in the Arab world and in our country have written various studies on this issue raised by Western Orientalists. The most important feature of our study, which distinguishes it from other previous studies on this subject, is that it evaluates the issue in the context of istishhād from the verses, hadīths and Arabic poetry, which are extremely important in determining the rules of grammar. This is because witnessing from classical Arabic poetry and verses is of great importance in determining the rules of grammar. The data we have obtained in this study are extracted and presented using the interpretive research technique and qualitative research technique.

The title of this research is “Mahārat al-Kalām learning method in improving beginner student speaking proficiency”. This journal concludes two problem statements, namely 1) What is the importance of Mahārat al-Kalām Learning? 2) How is the process of Mahārat al-Kalām at the beginner level? The study of al Kalām has been very critical at the present day since Arabic Language taught in many schools and universities, but most of the students are unable to speak properly. Therefore, it is necessary for the teacher or lecturer to concern with the accurate method and technique within the learning process. Method applied in this research is descriptive analysis by literature review on the books of prominent scholars in Arabic Language. This research is expected to provide new insight for the teachers and the lecturers in the learning process of al-Kalām specifically for the beginners.

Ibn al-Sikkīt (d. 244 AH / 858 AD) considers Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb one of the imams and scholars of the Arabic language in the third AH/ ninth century AD, and he was the Kūfī school of thought, and he is one of those involved in controlling the rules of the language and the standards of its correct words, and he has great contributions in confronting the phenomenon of linguistic melody in his age One of his most important printed books that we have received and that deals with the Arabic language is the book Iṣlāḥ alManṭiq, which left an impact on many linguists after him. The book printed with investigation: Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir and ʿAbd al-Salam Hāron. The research acquires its importance by revealing what distinguished Ibn al-Sikkīt in his linguistic efforts through his material in the book Iṣlāḥ al-Manṭiq It also contributes to understanding the prevailing linguistic situation in his time. In his dictionary, that is in controlling the linguistic morphology and Language error. The research monitors the issue of ancient Arab grammarians dealing with manifestations of linguistic weakness and Language error in the era of Ibn al-Sikkīt through his contributions in that, and divides the research into an introduction that reviews Ibn al- Sikkīt translation and definition of his linguistic books, then the research presents a set of issues that Ibn al- Sikkīt dealt with in his book Reform of Logic, all the way to the rules that he adopted in it, then the research concludes with a brief conclusion that presents its most prominent conclusions

Ibn Jinni lived during the Abbasids period. He was born in Mosul in 322/934. His full name was Ebu’l-Fath Osman b. Jinni al-Mavsılı al-Bağdadı. Ibn Jinni showed competency in a variety of fields including syntax, grammar, literature and recitation. It was due to this variety of competencies that he was mentioned in numerous fields throughout the centuries. He was dubbed a grammarian due to his knowledge in syntax, for his knowledge in lexicon he was considered a lexicographer, in regards to his birthplace he was also known as Mavsılı and in reference to the family for whom his father had been a servant he was called Ezdi as well. His competence in the fields of language and literature and his proficiency in solving the problems in these fields also earned him the tag of Ebu’l Fath. His best known work in the field of recitation is al-Muhtasab fı tabyını vucuhı şavazzı’l-kıraat ve’l-ızâh anha. This book is one of the most comprehensive and systematic works on shaz recitations. In this work, Ibn Jinni mentioned and compiled the other recitations that were previously excluded when Ibn Mujahid had restricted them to a number of seven. Yet, this work of the author does not in fact include all the recitations that are described as shaz and which had been excluded in the seven recitations (the qiraat-i seb’a ). As a matter of fact, in the introduction to his book Ibn Jinni pointed to this fact and explained that he had only included those recitations that possess subtle differences that would evade the attention at first glance and that he found it redundant to toil on those which required no linguistic explanations and were easy to figure out as they already were. While recounting the recitation styles and viewpoints, Ibn Jinni mentioned the names of those whom he considered to be the scholars to whom the commonly accepted recitation style was referred. Ibn Jinni also included an expound in length on the criterion of principles that would be employed in separating the authentic recitations from those with a slim chance of qualifying to be considered so, and opting for one of the choices in the former category. In the evaluation of principles, Ibn Jinni employed linguistic evidence such as imputation, al-rasmu’l moshaf, norms of the Arabic language, rules of grammar and syntax, and the differences in dialects along with the narrative evidence like verses of the Qur’an, hadiths, the recitations of the companions of the prophet, the phenomenon of seven letters and the like. Ibn Jinni made vast use of Arabic poetry and the sayings, dialects, grammar and syntax rules of the Arabic language in providing proof to the recitations. Described as he author of unique and wonderful works in the studies of Arabic sciences and a great scholar of grammar and syntax studies, Ibn Jinni applied his scientific proficiency in the Arabic language to establish proof for the recitations. He made use of the principles such as comparison, cause, reason and evidence, which are employed in determining the general norms of language, to grade the recitation styles and sought to find the rhetoric meanings behind the disputes in recitation styles. It has been detected that almost all of the recitations narrated by him were proved by linguistic and narrative evidence. What the author initially aimed to achieve by creating such a work was to reject the traditionally inferior consideration of the recitations which were excluded from the qiraat-i seba and to demonstrate that these recitations did not fall short of the seven recitations. He tried to prove that these recitations too were based on authentic grounds and they were equal to the seven recitations in terms of fluency and rhetoric. It is important to examine the work in point of recitations, in which he mentions the recitation aspects that are equivalent to seven recitations in terms of language and fluency. In this context, this paper examined the method of Ibn Jinnî, one of the leading scholars of the Arabic language, on the way of working, concentrating and choosing the recitations in his al-Muhteseb. Furthermore, this papers refers to the works of previous and latter Quranic commentaries and recitations while depicting Ibn Jinnî’s views method of transference and recitation angles. In this way, Ibn Jinnî's understanding of qiraat and his approach to recitations were determined by comparing them with other sources.

مســـائل الإعـــلال والإبــدال فی البیان فی غریب إعراب القرآن دراسة صرفیة

The Arabic language is governed by a clear economic system, which manifests in various aspects, including the structure and cohesion of the text, known as coherence and consistency in the language of text scholars, as well as the meanings of morphological structures and the contextual aspect adopted by pragmatic discourse. There are other elements that need to be observed and counted. In this framework, words are similar to currencies; they have intrinsic value and an exchange rate represented by their denotative value. Linguists have recognized the importance of avoiding unnecessary verbosity in speech, stating: "Why speak more when you can speak less?" This is the essence of economics: Why pay more when you can pay less?