Abstract
We consider a model in which an electric field induces quantum nucleation of soliton–antisoliton pairs in a charge or spin density wave. Coulomb blockade prevents pair creation until the applied field exceeds a sharp threshold value. Above threshold, the pair creation events become correlated in time, by analogy to time-correlated single electron tunneling. We find that, when the electrostatic energy is small compared to the pinning energy, the phase polarization below threshold can be quite small, as indicated by a number of experiments.
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