Time in Space

The paper is a study of how graphic narratives (graphic novels and the comics) represent time in external visual space as well as in inner (mental) representations. Peirce’s semiotics is the main tool of research. After a survey of various approaches to the study of time in narratives in general and in graphic narratives in particular, an outline of the various aspects of the embodiment of time in space in general is given before the forms of the embodiment of time in the space of graphic narratives is examined in detail. Signs of time are signs that represent time as their object and create mental representations of time as their interpretant. On this semiotic premise, the paper proposes a reinterpretation of Genette’s theory of time in narratives. A comparison with narratives in prose reveals that narrative time in graphic narratives evinces marked discontinuities in their spatial representation. The paper distinguishes between time as continuity, time as age, and points in time. It concludes that time as continuity is typically embodied in the form of spatial diagrams whereas time as age and points in time are mainly of the nature of indexical signs. The insights into the forms of embodiment of time in space derived from these premises are applied to examples from recent graphic novels and some traditional comics.

Time–Space in Geography

Drinking stories: A time in space and a space in time

University School of Medicine (Chief: Prof. M. Morimoto, M.D.)The Brain Research Institute, Niigata University School of Medicine (Instructor: Assist. Prof. N. Maruyama, M.D.) Ist Department of Physiology, Niigata University Scool of Medicine (Chief:Prof. A. Niizima, M.D.) Unitary activities were recorded from the supe- rior colliculus in the rabbit by means of super-fine microelectrodes during elicitation of optokinetic nystagmus.The recorded activities of 76 units were classified into the following 6 types.(1) In four units the frequency of discharges in-creased within a certain space of time during nys- tagmus regardless of its direction.There was a difference in the frequency or the discharge pattern between the discharges concurrent with nystagmus toward the left and those concur- rent with nystagmus toward the right.(2) In three units the frequency of discharges decreased during nystagmus toward either side.The degree and time of inhibition depended on each unit but on the direction of nystagmus.(3) In seven units the frequency of discharges increased within a certain space of time during nystagmus toward one direction but it did not change during nystagmus toward the other direction.In three of these 7 units the response consisted of a burst of spikes corresponding to the peak of the nystagmographic curve. In the other 4 the frequency of discharges increased during the slow phase of nystagmus.(4) In five units the frequency of discharges decreased during nystagmus toward one direction and did not change during nystagmus toward the other direction.(5) In one unit the frequency of discharges increased within a certain space of time during nystagmus toward the left, while it decreased within a certain space of time during nystgmus toward the right.(6) In 56 units the frequency of discharges did not change during nystagmus toward either direction.It was difficult to establish any relationship between anatomical location in the superior colliculus and these response types mentioned above.

Nisan showed that any randomized logarithmic space algorithm (running in polynomial time and with two-sided error) can be simulated by a deterministic algorithm that runs simultaneously in polynomial time and Θ(log2 n) space. Subsequently Saks and Zhou improved the space complexity and showed that a deterministic simulation can be carried out in space Θ(log1.5n). However, their simulation runs in time nΘ(log^{0.5}n). We prove a time--space tradeoff that interpolates these two simulations. Specifically, we prove that, for any 0 ≤ α ≤ 0.5, any randomized logarithmic space algorithm (running in polynomial time and with two-sided error) can be simulated deterministically in time nO(log^{0.5-α}n) and space O(log^{1.5+α}n). That is, we prove that BPL ⊆ DTISP[nO(log^{0.5-α}n), O(log1.5+αn)].

BackgroundVisualizing the complex probability landscape of stochastic gene regulatory networks can further biologists’ understanding of phenotypic behavior associated with specific genes.ResultsWe present PRODIGEN (PRObability DIstribution of GEne Networks), a web-based visual analysis tool for the systematic exploration of probability distributions over simulation time and state space in such networks. PRODIGEN was designed in collaboration with bioinformaticians who research stochastic gene networks. The analysis tool combines in a novel way existing, expanded, and new visual encodings to capture the time-varying characteristics of probability distributions: spaghetti plots over one dimensional projection, heatmaps of distributions over 2D projections, enhanced with overlaid time curves to display temporal changes, and novel individual glyphs of state information corresponding to particular peaks.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool through two case studies on the computed probabilistic landscape of a gene regulatory network and of a toggle-switch network. Domain expert feedback indicates that our visual approach can help biologists: 1) visualize probabilities of stable states, 2) explore the temporal probability distributions, and 3) discover small peaks in the probability landscape that have potential relation to specific diseases.

Supposed is a finite set, then a function is called a finite partial transformation semigroup , which moves elements of from its domain to its co-domain by a distance of where . The total work done by the function is therefore the sum of these distances. It is a known fact that and . In this this research paper, we have mainly presented the numerical solutions of the total work done, the average work done by functions on the finite symmetric inverse semigroup of degree , and the finite full transformation semigroup of degree , as well as their respective powers for a given fixed time in space. We used an effective methodology and valid combinatorial results to generalize the total work done, the average work done and powers of each of the transformation semigroups. The generalized results were tested by substituting small values of and a specified fixed times in space. Graphs were plotted in each case to illustrate the nature of the total work done and the average work done. The results obtained in this research article have an important application in some branch of physics and theoretical computer science

Research Article| December 01 2006 Space in Time Leigh Anne Duck Leigh Anne Duck Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Literature (2006) 78 (4): 709–711. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-78-4-709 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Leigh Anne Duck; Space in Time. American Literature 1 December 2006; 78 (4): 709–711. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-78-4-709 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Duke University Press2006 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.

Coarsening kinetics and the envelope theorem

The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā–Vā ('Time–Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a range of practices from many disciplines and social activities, such as translation. Theorizing translation in and across tā ('time') and vā ('space') informs the relationships between languages, cultures and educational backgrounds in the transmission of 'ilo ('knowledge') and poto ('skills') among all members of the society. In exploring the theory this article will consider two translation case studies of English to Tongan literature: Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (1943).

This paper designs the timetable for the airport coach which is a new access service provided by the airport with the purpose of attracting more passengers. Firstly, the ‘time–space’ network is constructed for analyzing the formation of the passengers’ trip chain; Secondly, the timetable design model is built with the aim to minimize the unit operation cost per transported passenger of the airport coach and a genetic algorithm with matrix coding is used for solving the model. In the model, the coach departure time and the flight schedule are connected with each other; the quality of the coach service and the passenger’s demand are both considered. Finally, the coach of Dalian airport in China is taken as an example to test the proposed method. Through solving the model and sensitivity analysis, we obtain a coach timetable for Dalian airport. The results show that the proposed model can provide a practical method to design the timetable for the airport coaches with ‘hub-and-spoke’ network.

Winterson, Bakhtin, and the Chronotope of a Lesbian Hero Mary Bratton Jeanette Winterson is a writer firmly located in the practice of mainstream writing and publishing in the United Kingdom, and there is a growing critical attention to her work. But her presence in this mainstream has offered a challenge to critics who have attempted to read her work, since they inevitably come up against her avowed lesbianism, sometimes uncomfortably . For the most part the critiques engage with this "extra-textual" association in one of two ways: by ignoring it and concentrating on postmodem genderplay, or alluding to it only briefly and concentrating on postmodem genderplay.1 A case in point could be found in the initial critical responses directed at Oranges are Not the Only Fruit, which also appeared as a highly visible TV adaptation. A constant thematic strand of the debate centered on whether the lesbianism that was described in the text was in any way constitutive of the text as a whole, and in many ways this tension between understanding the narrative as a traditional narrative with lesbian references and understanding the narrative as itself shaped by lesbianism , remains.2 But it remains a far more compelling issue in Winterson 's later texts themselves than in the critiques of these texts, the latter moving "beyond" the issue of lesbianism as a literary issue with political forms of representation. In the criticism the lesbianism becomes too easily subsumed into strands of feminist postmodernism, focusing on gender in the absence of sexuality, or queer critique, focusing on sexuality in the abJNT : Journal of Narrative Theory 32.2 (Summer 2002): 207-226. Copyright © 2002 by JNT: Journal of Narrative Theory. 208 JNT sence of gender. Even approaches which attempt to combine feminist postmodemism and queer theory often manage to elide the specificity of the lesbian subject. The concern of the present study is to elicit the double and even plural positioning that Winterson assumes in relation to her texts through the spatial and temporal arrangements that both enable and constrain their lesbian heroes. To this end I relate her use of narrative time to Bakhtin's idea of the chronotope, formulated in "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel," and in doing so subject the Bakhtinian concept to a postmodem evaluation vis-à -vis Winterson's lesbian subject. Bakhtin is an appropriate theorist with whom to connect Winterson as both have an acknowledged interest in Rabelais and time. I identify two strands of narrative time in the works of Jeanette Winterson, which I label carnival time and narrative time, and which exist in a hierarchical state of tension. I attempt to show why this is so with respect to two texts which are marked by a formal transition between the two narrative frames of time, namely Sexing The Cherry and Written on the Body. By this I mean that one form of time seems to predominate in each of the novels, thus elaborating the historical nature of this tension, but both forms continue to operate within each text. Bakhtin defines the chronotope as a fusion: "In the literary artistic chronotope, spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thought-out, concrete whole. Time as it were, thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history. This intersection of axes and fusion of indicators characterizes the artistic chronotope" ("Forms of Time" 84). He immediately equates narrative space/time with Einstein's theory of relativity, emphasizing the continuity between space and time: "We will give the name chronotope (literally, 'time space') to the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature. The term is employed in mathematics, and was introduced as part of Einstein's Theory of Relativity" ("Forms of Time" 84). For Bakhtin the chronotope is more than just a set of temporal and physical co-ordinates between which a hero moves: the hero is a configuration through which time and space find their specific and historically determined co-ordinates. This takes its impetus from Einstein's theory that space is curved and there is no straight line from A to...

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the ‘time space’, defined following Bourdieu as a set of distinct and coexisting attitudes toward time related to individuals’ social positions. Based on an ethnographic study of French ‘prep schools’ (classes préparatoires aux Grandes écoles), it sheds light on the specific temporal culture of these schools (the routinization of urgency and ‘temporal panic’) but shows the existence of different attitudes toward time among students. These variations can then be explained by the volume of capital possessed by students, thus differentiating those who can ‘master time’ and those who ‘suffer’ it. But the article also aims at unveiling ‘timestyles’ which, like lifestyles, would be connected to the compositions of students’ capital (economic versus cultural) and not only to its volume.

Aims. We aim to study the causal link between the knotty jet structure in CARMA 7, a young Class 0 protostar in the Serpens South cluster, and episodic accretion in young protostellar disks. Methods. We used numerical hydrodynamics simulations to derive the protostellar accretion history in gravitationally unstable disks around solar-mass protostars. We compared the time spacing between luminosity bursts Δτmod, caused by dense clumps spiralling on the protostar, with the differences of dynamical timescales between the knots Δτobs in CARMA 7. Results. We found that the time spacing between the bursts have a bi-modal distribution caused by isolated and clustered luminosity bursts. The former are characterized by long quiescent periods between the bursts with Δτmod = a few × (103–104) yr, whereas the latter occur in small groups with time spacing between the bursts Δτmod = a few × (10–102) yr. For the clustered bursts, the distribution of Δτmod in our models can be fit reasonably well to the distribution of Δτobs in the protostellar jet of CARMA 7, if a certain correction for the (yet unknown) inclination angle with respect to the line of sight is applied. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on the model and observational data sets suggests the best-fit values for the inclination angles of 55–80°, which become narrower (75–80°) if only strong luminosity bursts are considered. The dynamical timescales of the knots in the jet of CARMA 7 are too short for a meaningful comparison with the long time spacings between isolated bursts in our models. Moreover, the exact sequences of time spacings between the luminosity bursts in our models and knots in the jet of CARMA 7 were found difficult to match. Conclusions. Given the short time that has passed since the presumed luminosity bursts (tens to hundreds years), a possible overabundance of the gas-phase CO in the envelope of CARMA 7 compared to what could be expected from the current luminosity may be used to confirm the burst nature of this object. More sophisticated numerical models and observational data on jets with longer dynamical timescales are needed to further explore the possible causal link between luminosity bursts and knotty jets.

Southern Africa's AIDS epidemic is profoundly spatially and temporally structured; so too are the lives of the young people whose families it blights. In this paper we draw on qualitative research with AIDS-affected young people in Malawi and Lesotho, and recent work theorising time–space in human geography, to examine how time–spaces of AIDS-related sickness and death intersect with the time–spaces of young people and, importantly, those of their relations with others to produce differentiated outcomes for young people. We also explore the time–spaces of those outcomes and of young people's responses to them. We conclude that a relational time–space analysis of the impacts of AIDS on young people helps explain the diversity of those young people's experiences and allows AIDS to be contextualised more adequately in relation to everyday life and young people's wider lifecourses and their relationships with others. Moreover, the research points to the significance of the time–space structuring of society in shaping the outcomes of familial sickness and death for young people.