Time and Concentration Effects of Amino Acid Supplements on Stress Responses in the Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

SUMMARY The effects of insulin on the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma and erythrocyte extracts were investigated with the aid of a fluorimetric method of estimation. The following results were obtained: 1. The intramuscular injection of insulin, in doses sufficient to induce hypoglycaemic coma, led to an immediate fall of the adrenaline concentration in plasma. The lowest value was usually found within 0·5 hr of the injection. Subsequent samples may show a slight rise, but the values remained well below the normal level of concentration. Termination of coma was followed by a return of the adrenaline concentration to the starting level or above. The concentration of noradrenaline in plasma and erythrocytes was not affected significantly. The concentration of adrenaline in erythrocytes showed a tendency to decrease. 2. The intravenous injection of insulin (0·1 unit/kg) produced a fall of the level of adrenaline in the plasma which reached its maximum within about 5 min. This was followed by a spontaneous return of the adrenaline concentration to the initial level. The noradrenaline level did not change significantly with the exception of a slight decrease after 90 min. The concentration of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in erythrocytes tended to decrease, but the changes, except for one value, were not statistically significant. 3. The initial change in the concentration of adrenaline in the plasma was independent of the amount of insulin injected, but the higher the dose, the longer the delay in the spontaneous return to the normal level. 4. The termination of hypoglycaemic coma by an intravenous injection of glucose was accompanied by a rapid rise in the concentration of adrenaline in the plasma to a peak value which was reached after 5 min. Later the concentration of adrenaline became stabilized at an intermediate level. The concentration of noradrenaline in the plasma tended to rise, but the change was significant only in a group of samples taken 60 min after the injection of glucose. The termination of coma by a nasal glucose feed produced similar changes, but they were smaller and developed more gradually. 5. An intravenous injection of insulin (0·1 unit/kg) produced a fall in the concentration of adrenaline in venous blood which preceded a similar effect in arterial blood. There was thus a transitory increase in the arterio-venous difference in the concentration of adrenaline. 6. The results are discussed, and it is suggested that they can be explained by assuming that insulin increases the utilization of circulating adrenaline in the phosphorylase reaction.

We studied the features of the macro- and microelement composition of dog fur depending on different types of feeding and the use of dry industrial food with different protein sources. The studies were carried out on three groups of 2–5 year old dogs. The animals were kept in apartment conditions in Novosibirsk with double active exercise. The 1st group included 14, and the 2nd and 3rd groups – 16 dogs each. The first group received dry food with fish, the 2nd group - dry food with chicken, and the third - beef meat with offal, cereals, vegetables, cottage cheese and vegetable oils. The bioelemental composition of wool was studied on an Elan 9000 quadrupole mass spectrometer and an Optima 2000DV atomic emission spectrometer using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The most significant changes in the elemental status of fur were found in dogs fed dry food with fish. In this group of animals, the levels of mercury and phosphorus exceeded the reference values, and the quantitative values of cobalt, chromium, iron, iodine and manganese, on the contrary, were below the normal limit. The content of bioelements in the fur of dogs fed dry food with chicken or “natural” food in their diet was within the reference values. Distinctive features of dogs with a “natural” type of feeding were lower values of As, Ca, Hg, K and P in the wool compared to animals receiving dry food. The highest values of Al, B, Co, Fe, I, Li, Mn and lower concentrations of Na, Si and Sn were recorded in the fur of dogs eating dry food with chicken.

Giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) need enough nutrients for the reproductive process. One way to give feed which contains high enough protein. Complete nutritional content, especially protein, can be found in natural food. The type of natural feed used for main feeds including squid, sea worms, trash fish. Complete nutrient content can affect the rate of gonadal development and fecundity. (Squid, sea worms, trash fish) on the level of gonadal maturity and density of broodstock parents (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). This research was conducted by a completely randomized design (CRD) trial design. This study used 4 replications of different types of feeding. The types of feed given are squid, sea worms, trash fish, and pellets at a dose of 5% from biomass/day. The parameters of observation include observation of the level of gonad resistance, fundamentality of broodstock parent, and measurement of water quality (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen). The results showed that the administration of different types of feed (sea worms, trash fish) had a very significant effect on the level of maturity and had a significant effect on the probability of prawns (M. rosenbergii). After analysis of variance, the results of F Calculations are greater than F Table 0.05 and F Table 0.01. The smallest significant difference test (LSD) was obtained in P1 (Squid feed) with the Gonad maturity rate ± 5- 6 days as much as 83 % parent and fecundity average results of 28,846 ± 4,925.3 thousand / 45 g.

Breathing newborns born prematurely is a challenging task of modern perinatology. One of the main factors determining the normal growth and development of newborns (especially premature babies) is adequate nutrition. Assessment of nutritional adequacy includes anthropometry data in the dynamics, analysis of nutritional tolerance and, when indicated, a set of laboratory tests, of which the most important are clinical laboratory results (hemoglobin and traditional parameters of erythrocyte evaluation) and biochemical parameters characterizing protein metabolism (including indirect method of assessment of visceral protein reserves by urea level), iron supply, vitamin status, etc. Data on the nutritional status of premature infants in the period of newborn feeding are very scarce and controversial in the modern scientific literature, which determines the need for further studies on this problem.
 Aim. To study the parameters of nutritional status (hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, plasma glucose) at birth, in dynamics on 10, 20, 30 days of life in the preterm infants with very low (VLBW) and low body weight (LBW) at birth on different types of feeding (breast milk GM, GM in combination with fortificator and artificial nutrition AI) to assess measures of feeding success and quality of nursing.
 Materials and methods. The study of 118 infants aged from birth to 1 month of life in the Department of Pathology of Newborn and Premature Babies, Krasnoyarsk Regional Perinatal Center of Maternal and Child Health Protection. Group 1 consisted of 50 infants with OMT at birth, of whom 3 subgroups were formed depending on the type of feeding: breastfed (HB) 17 infants, "enriched" GM (HB + fortificator) 17 children, IV feeding - 16 children; Group 2 consisted of 68 children with OMT at birth, of whom 36 were on HB, 12 were on HB + fortificator, 20 were on IV.
 Results. Assessment of the nutritional status of neonates with NFMT during IM revealed specific features in the development of early anemia of prematurity (10% of cases), high values of total protein in children by the end of the observation period in combination with increasing urea at all stages of observation and a higher creatinine level on day 20 of life. The incidence of early anemia of prematurity was comparable between the subgroups on different types of feeding and lower levels of total protein, albumin, and urea in the subgroup of children receiving HF + fortificator were obtained in the group of neonates with NMT.

It has been proven that the type of feeding of rabbits has no probable influence on indicators of the physiological state of rabbits. Differences in indicators in groups of different types of feeding were within the physiological norm. Under the dry type of feeding with the use of full-rational mixed feedsstandardized for the technological groups of rabbits, the growth of the organism as a whole increased gradually, as in the case of rabbits with a combined type of feeding. A probable difference in the live weight of young animals raised on different types of feeding was not found.It was established that unlimited feeding, regardless of the conditions of keeping rabbits, provides average daily gains between technological periods of up to 35.9 g. High growth energy is confirmed in the period from birth to 30 days. The maximum average daily increase in the live weight of the experimental rabbitsaccording to different types of feeding was noted in the growing period from 60 to 90 days, which is explained by the high energy of the animals’ growth.The rate of slaughter yield in the studied groups did not differ much, and was 56.7% in the group with dry type of feeding, and 56.4% in the combined group. It was established that the types of feeding had little influence on the mass of internal organs of rabbits. Probably higher indicators were noted in rabbitswith the combined type of feeding by weight of kidneys by 7.2% (P>0.95) - 17.9 g, liver by 3.8% (P>0.99) - 71.8 g and the weight of the stomach without contents by 4.5% (P>0.95) – 39.4 g. When examining the length of the intestine in the group of rabbits that had a combined type of feeding, the thin section was probably longer by 6.2% (P>0, 95), the large intestine was also longer, but the difference was not likely to be significant. Unlimited feeding provides average daily gains between technological periods up to 35.9 g. The maximum average daily gain in live weight of experimental rabbits according to different types of feeding was noted in the 7 growing period from 60 to 90 days, which is explained by the high energy of animal growth.

Around the industrial cities, the difficult environmental situation is due to the release of pollutants in the atmosphere that contain heavy metals, especially those that are dangerous to the environment, such as cadmium and lead. The increase in the accumulation of pollutant in soils of agricultural land also leads to the use of agrochemicals – pesticides and mineral fertilizers. Under such environmental conditions, it is necessary not only to grow crop production, but also to produce livestock products – milk. The production of environmentally safe, high-quality and competitive on the milk market requires the use of proven technological feeding and animal feeding methods. The selection of the optimal type of feeding of cows reduces the transition of heavy metals into dairy raw materials. In the experiment, it was found that the siln-root-type type of feeding had the smallest transition of Cd and Pb from feed rations into dairy raw materials, the transition factor of cadmium – 0.24, lead – 0.25. The most intense was the migration of Pb from the ration to milk from cows of the first control group with the silo-hinga-co-central type of feeding: the transition factor was 0.39 and Cd was 0.34. A similar situation was observed in cows of the first control groups with males and females feeding type, where the transition factor was 0.36 Cd and 0.34 Pb. The total supply of heavy metals with the diet for different types of feeding practically did not differ. The balancing of dietary rations with the specially developed mineral-vitamin premix “MP-A” contributed to the reduction of the transition of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn into milk, while the highest quality milk was obtained from cows with a haylage type of feeding. As a result of the experiment, it was possible to achieve a positive effect and reduce the content of heavy metals in milk of cows in all farms with different types of feeding animals for optimum quality and safety of milk, which met the requirements of the state standard, which convinces the transition factor, which was in the cows of the second experimental group on Cd 0,09 in animals with a sows-root-type type of feeding; 0.10 – silo-haylage; 0.12 – silage-hay type and 0.15 with silo-haylage-concentrate type, respectively; Pb – 0.01 in cows with a hill-and-hay type of feeding; 0.07 – silo-haylage-concentrate; 0.08 – silo-root crop and 0.09 with silo-hay type respectively; Cu – 0.01 in cows with silo-haylage and silo-root-crop type of feeding; 0.02 with silo-haylage-concentrate and silo-hay type respectively; Zn – 0.05 in animals with males and haylings type of feeding; 0.06 – silo-haylage-concentrate; 0.08 – silo-root crop and 0.010 with silo-hay type, respectively. In the third experimental group of cows, the average transition factor of heavy metals from milk to Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was 0.04. The use of premix and bio-preparation has reduced the transition of heavy metals from milk to an average of 1.5–4.3 times. Productivity of animals was on average in cows of the second and third experimental groups of 17–22 kg per day compared with the control group – 14 kg. The content of Cd in the milk of dairy cows with a hay-concentrate-feeding type was 0.053 mg/kg in the first control group, in the second experimental group, where the mineral-vitamin premix “MP-A” was additionally fed to 0.024, and in the third, where Subcutaneous injection of biologically active drug “BP-9” was used up to 0.014 mg/kg; Pb from 1.794 mg/kg – to 0.331 and 0.032 mg/kg respectively; Cu from 2.63 mg/kg to 0.34 and 0.35 mg/kg respectively; Zn from 8.74 mg/kg to 4.97 and 3.87 mg/kg, respectively. Feeding cows to antioxidant premix allows approximately 2–2.5 times to reduce the transition from diet to dairy raw materials that are hazardous to animal health and the quality of milk toxicants for any type of feeding. Future studies are aimed at studying the effects of different types of feeding, taking into account the balancing of diets with a special premix for the production of high-quality, environmentally safe milk.

Labeling and label free shotgun proteomics approaches to characterize muscle tissue from farmed and wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Background and aim High risk newborns are often much smaller than healthy infants when are discharged from hospital. Different types of feeding: breastmilk, formula or mixed can influence growth rates and improve development. The aims of the study were to evaluate the growth rates; catch–up rate and some biological parameters of the nutritional status such as: hemoglobine, iron, calcium, phosphor, magnesium, the level of plasmatic protein, nitrogen balance at differents ages : 1-2-4-6 months in three different types of nutrition – breastmilk, special formula for premature, breastmilk with premature formula or started formula. Material and methods A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary neonatal care unit between 2011–2013 in the County Hospital of Cluj, Romania on 383 infants presented to periodical examination in the follow-up program: 465 records. We divided into 3 categories : group I-VG≤32 weeks, group II-VG between 32–36 weeks and group III-VG≥36 weeks of gestation. The evaluation consultations were performed at 1-2-3-4-5-6 months. Each evaluation consisted of determining: weight, CBC, calcium, iron, magnesium, protein, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels. Informed consent was obtained Statistical analysis was made with Microsoft Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS v.23. Results Growth rate up to 6 months wasn ‘t significantly influenced by the type of feeding (p=0.319). Hemoglobine at 2 months highlighted statistically higher values in formula fed group: 11.77±2.07g compare with premature formula fed group:10.848±1,7556g(p=0.008). The values of iron at 2 months hasn’t presented any significant differences according to the types of feeding (p=0.475). There is a significant decrease of iron levels that occurs gradually with age in the breastfed ones, r=−0.89. Different calcium levels were registered according to types of feeding (p=0.003) until 6 months. Magnesemia were not influenced by feeding type at any groups. BUN in group I was significantly smaller in breastfed compared with premature formula fed infants(p=0.000) at 2 months. Up to 6 months the value is significantly lowered in cases of breastfed, p=0.001. The values of the protein in≤32 weeks is directly influenced by the type of feeding p=0.024. Protein levels is significantly influenced in group II(p=0.026). Phosphatemia is significantly influenced by the type of feeding in group II(p=0.043). ConclutionS Increase in bodyweight of newborns under 32 SS isn’t influenced significantly by the type of feeding up to 6 months. Calcium registered significantly different values under the different types of feeding in the prematures≤32 weeks of gestation in the first 6 months of life. Phosphoremia is significantly influenced by the type of feeding in the second group. Iron drops significantly with age in breastfedgroup. The level of protein in group I is directly influenced by the type of feeding. At 2 months of age BUN is significantly influenced by the type of feeding in the first group.

Surplus dietary tryptophan reduces plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations and enhances recovery after social stress in pigs

In patients with myocardial infarction, with or without cardiogenic shock, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations are increased. However, plasma noradrenaline concentrations are considerably higher in patients with cardiogenic shock when compared with those with uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations showed a sustained increase until death in patients with cardiogenic shock whereas those concentrations were back to normal levels by the end of the third day in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in both the groups were within normal range and did not show any significant variation throughout the period of study.

Nitrous oxide increases peripheral blood flow and decreases plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in human volunteers: An in vivo nonrandomized clinical and in vitro chromaffin cell culture study.

The responses of the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol in horses to varied relative intensities of exertion were examined. The plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly (p < 0.05) with exertion. The plasma cortisol concentrations at relative work intensities of 48.3% +/- 1.4%, 82.3% +/- 2.0% and 99.6% +/- 0.4% of VO2max were 114%, 124%, and 126%, respectively, of those at rest, whereas the plasma epinephrine concentrations were 239%, 772% and 3483%, and the norepinephrine concentrations were 138%, 255%, and 1121% of the values at rest. There was a significant (p < 0.0001) relationship between the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The blood lactate concentration and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly (p < 0.0001) related, as were the relative work intensity (%VO2max) and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The relationships between the plasma cortisol concentration and work intensity or blood lactate concentration were not significant (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates a relationship between work intensity and indicators of adrenal medullary and sympathetic activity during brief exertion in horses.

To evaluate the action of high-dose epinephrine by measuring simultaneously its vasopressor and norepinephrine releasing effects in humans during cardiac arrest. A prospective study on consecutive patients admitted with cardiac arrest. Emergency Department in a large, urban hospital. Eighteen patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Catheterization of both the aorta and right atrium for the recording of pressure and collection of blood samples. Throughout the study period (12.5 mins), 18 patients received epinephrine at both the standard dose (1 mg, approximately 0.015 mg/kg) and high dose (0.2 mg/kg). Blood samples were drawn five times, every 2.5 mins. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations; aorta, right atrial, and coronary perfusion pressures. Epinephrine concentrations (normal at rest = 160 +/- 10 [SEM] pmol/L) were increased at the time of the first sample (2.5 mins) by approximately 3,000-fold (to approximately 0.5 mumol/L), and, increased further to 12,000-fold (approximately 2.0 mumol/L) during the study. Aortic pressure increased from 20 +/- 3 to 28 +/- 3 mm Hg (p < .001), and coronary perfusion pressure increased from 4 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 3 mm Hg (p < .001). Simultaneous plasma norepinephrine concentrations were 30-fold higher than the normal resting value of 1.30 +/- 0.04 nmol/L, and increased by 90-fold during the study (p < .001). The spectral distributions of the individual correlations between plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were segregated into high correlations (r > .83) in 12 of 18 patients and low r values (r = .29 to .79) in the remaining six patients. The distribution of the correlations was nonuniform by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test with p < .001; this profile suggests that norepinephrine responsiveness to epinephrine can separate two populations, one of which (r > .83) would have preserved viability of the corresponding epinephrine receptors. The correlations between plasma epinephrine concentrations and coronary perfusion pressures were distributed more evenly, also in a nonuniform pattern (p < .02 by Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test) and the relationship between the two sets of correlations was not significant. Despite the very high prevailing plasma epinephrine concentrations during cardiac arrest, further epinephrine increases still elicit biological responses. The present work provides physiologic support for the use of large doses of epinephrine during the course of CPR.

Catecholamine and renin-angiotensin response during controlled hypotension induced by prostaglandin E 1 combined with hemodilution during isoflurane anesthesia

Haemodynamic changes associated with portal triad clamping are suppressed by prior hepatic pedicle infiltration with lidocaine in humans