Ética Científica Global: Revisión Sistemática y Comparativa de Códigos Internacionales

International Research and Philanthropy

IPRA Code of Athens—The first international code of public relations ethics: Its development and implementation since 1965

Codes of ethics are a set of rules and parameters that establish the behavior of individuals in a particular social group. The society has trusted in the conduct of professional accountants under the commitment to fully implement the principles of the code of ethics of their profession in the public interest and in a high quality work. IFAC (International Federation of Accountants) is an organization representing worldwide professional accountants and proposes to standardize the international code of ethics and international conduct to guide the quality of professional practice. In Colombia, the Central Board of Accountants normalizes the code of ethics of professional accountant in the Law 43 of 1990. The process of convergence to international accounting standards (Law 1314, 2009) proposes the adoption of accounting standards IAS and IFRS and auditing standards ISAs. In the internationalization of accounting it is cleared that the standards of the code of ethics and conduct of the IFAC as a global standard for presentation of financial information were taken into account. A comparative is shown between the rules to deduce potential advantages and disadvantages in application.

While ethical quandaries and dilemmas are commonplace for nurses, recent advances in human genetics have and will continue to create new challenges and controversies. Throughout time, nursing has been an ethical endeavour, with nurses viewing the ethical mandates of their responsibilities on a par with other core dimensions of their professional life. The (American) profession’s code of ethics, Code for nurses with interpretive statements, provides direction for practice and for the fulfilment of ethical obligations. The explication of these ethical norms and values that shape professional practice is necessary as nurses confront the integration of genetic services into health care. The goal of preserving professional integrity and ethical soundness in the context of genetic health care mandates that nurses rely on and act upon the profession’s national and international codes of ethics.

While ethical quandaries and dilemmas are commonplace for nurses, recent advances in human genetics have and will continue to create new challenges and controversies. Throughout time, nursing has been an ethical endeavour, with nurses viewing the ethical mandates of their responsibilities on a par with other core dimensions of their professional life. The (American) profession's code of ethics, Code for nurses with interpretive statements, provides direction for practice and for the fulfillment of ethical obligations. The explication of these ethical norms and values that shape professional practice is necessary as nurses confront the integration of genetic services into health care. The goal of preserving professional integrity and ethical soundness in the context of genetic health care mandates that nurses rely on and act upon the profession's national and international codes of ethics.

The 1993 revision of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) Code of Ethical Conduct is insufficiently demanding of physicians in important areas, such as conflicts of interest, reporting unethical or incompetent colleagues, and confidentiality of medical information. The International Commission on Occupational Health's International Code of Ethics, drafted for all occupational health professionals worldwide, does not apply well to American legal and economic relationships. The best way to revise the 1993 ACOEM Code is to incorporate key provisions of the American Occupational Medical Association's 1976 Code. A proposed revised ACOEM Code is presented combining elements of the 1993 ACOEM and 1976 AOMA Codes. The resulting code is a clearer description of individual standards of conduct and group ideals.

Ethics for Biomedical Research Involving Humans: International Codes

The doctrine of informed consent to medical treatment or research is grounded in the ethical principle of respect for persons that regards individuals as autonomous agents capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under the direction of such deliberation.1International ethical codes and human rights law appear to accept informed consent as a universal expression of respect for persons. The Nuremberg Code, Helsinki IV, and the Council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences' ethical guidelines focus on the need for full disclosure to enable individuals to make free and informed decisions. Informed consent is also thought to be incorporated into the right to security of the person recognized in the International Bill of Human Rights. The right to autonomy or self-determination, then, is broadly perceived to be a morally necessary method of demonstrating genuine respect for human integrity. See also pp 820 and 826. But is the

A code of ethics may appear in engineering under one of several other names: “professional principles,” “rules of conduct,” “ethical guidelines,” and so on. However denominated, a code of ethics will belong to one of three categories: (1) professional (e.g. NSPE Code of Ethics), a code applying to all, and only, members of a certain profession (engineers); (2) organizational, including codes (like the IEEE Code of Ethics) applying only to members of the technical or scientific society enacting it or applying only to a certain class of the enacting organization’s employees; or (3) institutional (such as the Computer Ethics Institute’s Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics), codes applying to anyone involved in a certain activity (using a computer). Codes of ethics may include ordinary moral rules (“Don’t steal”). They may also be incorporated into law. For example, the “Nuremberg Code” on human experimentation is now part of both international law and the domestic law of many countries. But a code of ethics is not simply law or morality. Engineering has had formal codes of ethics for at least a century.

Background and Study Aim. This study aims to chart the trend of publications in the Scopus database and the Web of Science as well as the global evolution of harassment and bullying in sports.
 Material and Methods. ScientoPy and VOSviewer software were used in this study to analyze the number of publications, well-known research topics, proactive authors, author keywords, preferred sources, and institutional data. This study uses data reconciliation with 1, 883 different items from the Scopus database and the Web of Science. An increasing trend in sports nutrition research was found using the Scopus and WoS databases.
 Results. This field has grown significantly since 2015. In addition, the percentage of documents published in the last two years (2020 to 2021) shows that 22.40% were published on WoS and 22.04% on Scopus. The five keywords that are trending topics between 2020 and 2021 are "Sports", "Racism", "Race", "Sexual Harassment", and "Gender". Meanwhile, the keywords with the highest total link strength were "sports" (244), "racism" (169), "bullying" (165), "adolescents" (161), and "physical activity" (150). The University of Toronto, Canada, became the most productive institution with 22 publications.
 Conclusions. The most prestigious institutes and researchers in the field of harassment and bullying research in sports have been recognized, along with key research areas, keywords, and related papers. The study also offers potential readers and researchers a global perspective on the hottest issues in harassment and bullying in sport today. In addition, it provides various analyses to assist in the organization of data for the development of harassment and bullying research theories and methodologies in strong sports.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the codes of ethics and university deontology in order to identify the rules for the use of information technology. In the introductory part of the study, there is highlighted the importance of observing these rules by the university teachers. From a theoretical point of view, there are provided the characteristic elements of the code of ethics and university deontology and there are specified concrete examples of rules of the use of information technology included in the codes of ethics in the university field at international level. At the basis of the code of ethics there is a set of principles and norms that the members of the academic community agree to respect them. The research methodology is qualitative, focused on the use of content analysis. The codes of ethics of 38 universities from Romanian education were analysed to identify the rules for using information technology. Content analysis of the themes related to the rules of the use of information technology is performed based on the indicators derived from the theoretical part. The results of the analysis led to the fact that there are few explicit rules regarding the use of information and communication technologies included in codes of university ethics. It is recommended to introduce specific rules in order to raise awareness of the importance of respecting these rules by university teachers and students. Therefore, the university codes of ethics will be reconsidered from the perspective of the development of information technology.

This chapter aims to analyze the research from the last 20 years about human resources management in the tourism industry. The research question is: What are the contributions of the international publications on human resources management and tourism in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in the last two decades? In order to accomplish this goal, the research methodology will be a literature survey using the Scopus and WoS databases. To develop this research, first, it will be performed a literature review on HRM as strategic value, and also on the multiple perspectives of the concept of tourism. Moreover, it will be made state of the art on human resources management in the tourism industry. Furthermore, the results of the literature survey are presented. The main findings show that there is still a need for more production about human resources management in the tourism industry, which was based on the importance of one segment to the other, as well as the infinite possibilities of incremental actions that allow a mutual benefit between these two fields.

This chapter aims to analyze the research from the last 20 years about human resources management in the tourism industry. The research question is: What are the contributions of the international publications on human resources management and tourism in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in the last two decades? In order to accomplish this goal, the research methodology will be a literature survey using the Scopus and WoS databases. To develop this research, first, it will be performed a literature review on HRM as strategic value, and also on the multiple perspectives of the concept of tourism. Moreover, it will be made state of the art on human resources management in the tourism industry. Furthermore, the results of the literature survey are presented. The main findings show that there is still a need for more production about human resources management in the tourism industry, which was based on the importance of one segment to the other, as well as the infinite possibilities of incremental actions that allow a mutual benefit between these two fields.

Push and Pull Between the Public and Professional

This study, consisting of interviews with official representatives of 58 countries, was conducted from January to May, 1987 while the writer was a Senior Fellow at the Gannett Center for Media Studies at Columbia University in New York. It is an investigation of the ‘'inclination to control'’ the press by various national governments, and is related to press freedom, press ethics, professionalization of journalism, and to concerns with the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The study was planned so as to get interviews from Government information/press officials (in New York City and Washington, D.C.) from six broad regions of the world—Western Europe/North America, Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia. The interviews concentrated on six main factors believed important in determining “control” in a press system: (1) in‐country licensing, (2) international licensing, (3) identification cards or accreditation, (4) university education, (5) in‐country codes of ethics, and (6) international codes of ethics. It should be stressed that actual control of the press in the examined countries was not the focus of the study. Rather, the objective was to ascertain the tendency or inclination on the part of the government (and total system) to control the media. On the basis of the interviews, a “control inclination index”—CII—was computed for each country, reflecting attitudes toward the six factors listed in the paragraph above. CII scores of 24 would indicate the maximum inclination to control; the lower the scores, the less inclination the country has to control the press. Results: The region of the world most inclined to control the press is the Middle East with the highest average total score of any region (21.7). The region with the second highest CII score is Latin America, with a score of 19. Eastern Europe and Africa, each with a score of 18.5, tied for the third highest spot in press control inclination. Rather surprisingly, the region with the next to lowest inclination to control was Asia (CII = 16.2). And the region least inclined to press control was Western Europe and North America (U.S./Canada), with an average CII of 12.5. Countries of the world with the highest CII scores (24) were the German Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of China, Iraq, Syria, Tunisia, Cuba, and Peru. Countries next most inclined to control (scores of 23) were Bulgaria, Jordan, and Paraguay, followed by Ethiopia, USSR, and Lebanon (22), and Angola, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Egypt, and Panama (21). Countries getting scores of 20 were Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Malaysia, Kuwait, and Bolivia. Countries with scores under 20 in the index were Ivory Coast, Hungary, Pakistan, Argentina, Ecuador, and Guyana (19), Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and South Korea (18). Austria had a score of 17. With scores of 16 were Denmark, Turkey, Chile, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. The Sudan, Finland, and Spain had scores of 15. South Africa and the Philippines had 14, and New Zealand had 13. Countries with scores of 12 and below (considered very little inclined to control the press) were the following: Norway and India (12), Sweden, Australia, and Japan (11), the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mexico (10), Greece and Canada (9), and the United States with the lowest score (8).