Tibet's Administration in the Transition Period, 1951-1954

Abstract

THE SIGNING of Sino-Tibetan treaty of May 27, i95i, marked end of Tibet's short-lived period of de facto independence and formalized an arrangement which, although in some respects differing from earlier relationship between two countries, in effect reimposed traditional Chinese (Han) suzerainty over Tibet. Since then relations between Central Government and so-called Local Government of Tibet have undergone a series of drastic re-appraisals and readjustments, culminating in rebellion of I959 and flight of Dalai Lama to India. These events have served to dramatize importance of Tibet from point of view of global strategy and international diplomacy, but little attention has been devoted to Tibet's internal affairs and to its political and administrative system in particular. It is purpose of this article to describe structure of local government and administration as they operated in Tibet on eve of 195i accord, changes brought about under impact of Chinese Communist penetration, and institutional innovations introduced by Chinese authorities during crucial years of transition, I95I-I954 (prior to formalization of Tibet's status as a projected autonomous region within framework of China's I954 Constitution). By provisions of I95I treaty' Tibet retained with regard to domestic matters the right of exercising national regional autonomy under unified leadership of Central People's Government. In accordance with this principle Chinese undertook not to alter existing political system of Tibet or status, functions and powers of Dalai Lama, with added proviso, however, that Panchen Lama (a Chinese protege then living in exile in China) would be reinstated in his traditional role in Tibet. The Chinese also promised that religious beliefs, customs and habits of Tibetan people would be respected and monasteries protected. Former Tibetan officials would be allowed to retain their posts on condition that