Abstract
Ti implants are good candidates in bone repair. However, how to promote bone formation on their surface and their consequent perfect integration with the surrounding tissue is still a challenge. To overcome such challenge, we propose to form Ti nanorods on their surface to promote the new bone formation around the implants. Here Ti nanorod arrays (TNrs) with different densities were produced on pure Ti surfaces using an anodizing method. The influence of TNr density on the protein adsorption as well as on the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells were assessed. The TNrs were also implanted into the bone defects in rabbits to test their application in promoting bone formation and osteointegration at the implant-bone interface. TNrs with the medium density were found to show the best capability in promoting the protein adsorption from surrounding medium, which in turn efficiently enhanced osteogenic differentiation in vitro and osteointegration in vivo. Our work suggests that growing TNrs with a medium density on the surface of traditional Ti implants is an efficient and facile method for promoting bone formation and osteointegration in bone repair.
Highlights
The results demonstrated that the cell number on MTNr surface was always the largest at all time intervals and statistically larger than the the same chemical component (Ti), LTNr and HTNr surfaces (*p < 0.01) (Fig. 3b,c)
MTNrs was increased by 1.5-fold at 12 weeks (**p < 0.01). These results indicate that MTNrs promoted the bone formation around the implants and the consequent osteointegration
Our results showed that the MTNr surface adsorbed statistically more protein than other surfaces (*p < 0.05) whereas the protein adsorbed on the LTNrs and HTNrs was less than the pure Ti
Summary
We believe that the capability of adsorbing most proteins onto the MTNrs among all substrates studied resulted in the highest differentiation and most pronounced bone formation and osteointegration by MTNrs. In summary, this study was to clarify the effect of the density of TNrs on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells behaviors and osteointegration. TNrs with the medium density were found to promote the protein adsorption, cell attachment, cell proliferation and cell differentiation Such promotional effect of the MTNrs further promoted the bone formation and integration between the implants and the surrounding bone tissue, which was supported by push-out test and Masson staining. This work suggests that the creation of TNrs with a medium density on Ti implant surface by anodizing is a promising method of enhancing the bone formation and osteointegration
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