Through Their Eyes

The outcome of the conflict in Ukraine will bring fundamental political, military, economic and social consequences, and define global and regional balance of power and fate of number of international organizations, including European Union and NATO. The aim of this paper is to analyze political and military consequences of the first year of the conflict in Ukraine for countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Baltic States and further development of trans-Atlantic link for European security, including development of NATO Alliance until 2030. Fundamentally different threat perception in Russian Federation and in NATO, EU countries, and Ukraine led to the beginning of military action of Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 24, 2022. Since then, military conflict in Ukraine has evolved into full-scale war on terrain of Ukraine, and increasingly negative escalation of political, military and economic relationships between Russian Federation and NATO, EU and other actors, bringing parties to nuclear standoff. War in Ukraine has brought substantial political and military endurance test for NATO and European Union. The immediate political consequences of the first year of war in Ukraine have been outlined in NATO Summit in Madrid in summer of 2022 and in NATO Agenda 2030. Continuation of NATO Open Door Policy has led to invitation of Finland and Sweden to join the Alliance thus fundamentally changing security environment in Central and Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea Region. The Summit also declared to strengthen military posture on the Eastern flank of the Alliance thus countering hypothetical military threat of Russian Federation to the Baltic States and Central and Eastern European states. From the pure military perspective- NATO has substantially increased military support of Ukraine via creation of decision-making platform of Ramstein format as well as increasing understanding of NATO members for need to spend more resources allocated to defense. On the other hand, European Union has granted status of candidate for Ukraine, as well as provided continuous economic and financial support for Ukraine. Moreover, European Union has staged continuous and increasing policy of economic sanctions towards Russian Federation. However, despite substantial increase of political and military coherence and coordination of efforts of NATO and EU countries after the first year of the war in Ukraine, there are mounting challenges and risks. Firstly, increasing economic challenges in EU and NATO member- states which, subsequently, can lead to fundamental political consequences thus leading to diminished political and military support to Ukraine. Secondly, potential challenges for further military support of Ukraine and NATO Open Door Policy. NATO members- Turkey and Hungary-have different point of view on the enlargement of the Alliance and support of Ukraine. Thirdly, global and regional attitudes towards war in Ukraine and, predominantly, Western coalition of support for Ukraine. People’s Republic of China, India, Africa, Central and Latin America, other global and regional actors are mostly neutral towards war in Ukraine thus avoiding political and economic confrontation with Russian Federation. Yet another fundamental challenge: NATO countries are continuing to provide Ukraine with increasingly effective and sophisticated weapon systems which can lead to direct military confrontation between Russian Federation and NATO/The United States in 2023. Taking into account previously mentioned risks and challenges, it is obvious that there are several scenarios of development of war in Ukraine ranging from complete military victory for Ukraine and, subsequently, for the West to complete military victory of Russian Federation in Ukraine via long-term warfare of attrition.

The main purpose of the article is to present the main socio-economic consequences of the war in Ukraine from the standpoint of its negative impact on the economy and society on the national (Ukraine), regional (Europe) and global (the world) scale. In this context, the paper presents and compares forecasts of socio-economic development of Ukraine, which were formulated before the war with forecasts taking into account the war, as well as analyzes of disturbances in the socio-economic development of the world, region and state resulting from the war in Ukraine. The conclusions formulated by the authors were developed on the basis of the consequences of the first three months of the war. When a full-scale war was started by Russia on February 24, 2022, the most pessimistic scenarios not only for the economy of Ukraine, Europe and Central Asia but also the world economy in general for the next 3–5 years unfolded. According to various estimates of Ukrainian and international financial institutions, the decline in Ukraine’s real GDP in 2022 could reach 30%–45%, provided that the hostilities do not spread to other regions of Ukraine, and that the country receives continued support from its allies. Any significant changes leading to an improvement or deterioration in the situation will require a verification of the information provided. Nonetheless, regardless of the all the possible scenarios, the war in Ukraine will have the greatest catastrophic socio-economic consequences for Ukraine, Europe, and the world compared to the consequences of all the previous world crises. Therefore, the response of the world community to all the challenges caused by the war in Ukraine must also be adequate, timely and systematic, laying the foundations for the formation of the future world system of financial, food, energy and military security of mankind.

In the contemporary world, large-scale migration flows triggered by global conflicts underscore critical challenges faced by nations worldwide. The full-scale war in Ukraine has prompted significant waves of migration, giving rise to various social and security threats for European Union Member States. This article aimed to reconsider labour legislation by identifying the most pressing threats posed by mass migration to EU countries as a result of the full-scale war in Ukraine. The research employed key methods, including formal-legal analysis, the Saaty hierarchical analysis method, and expert surveys enhanced by the Delphi method. These approaches facilitated the identification of the most significant threats arising from mass migration to EU countries in the context of the war in Ukraine. As a result, a list of the most significant threats posed by mass migration to EU countries as a result of the full-scale war was proposed. Potential interconnections and dependencies among the identified threats have been presented. With expert input, the key threats posing risks to the national security of EU countries due to the mass migration of Ukrainians were characterised. As a result, the article proposes an effective methodological approach for evaluating the significance of these threats. The identified threats were hierarchically ordered, ranging from the most critical to the least significant. Pathways for rethinking labour legislation in response to the most critical threats, as highlighted through modelling, were proposed. Additionally, the necessary amendments to labour legislation to minimise existing gaps were outlined. The practical value and significance of the findings lie in their potential use by legislators to refine labour laws, thereby minimising or countering the most critical threats

The United States is the most important external guarantor of Poland’s security. For this reason, the Polish authorities have been seeking the closest possible allied relations with the USA for years, including its military presence on Polish territory. The outbreak of a full-scale war in Ukraine confirmed that the threat from Russia still exists and that it is necessary to increase deterrence and defense on NATO’s eastern flank. The aim of this article is to analyze and assess the possibility of locating a permanent base of the US Armed Forces in Poland in the context of the war in Ukraine. The hypothesis assumes that with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the chance of permanent US military stationing in Poland has increased. We are currently observing a shift in the center of gravity of European security from Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe. Due to Poland’s close relations with the US, increasing military potential, and a decisive response to the war in Ukraine, the American authorities perceive Poland as an increasingly important pillar of European security. The prevailing view among American scientists and experts is that after the outbreak of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the permanent stationing of US troops in Poland has become more realistic. However, such a decision will probably not be made during the war, as it could negatively affect its course. The final decision on this issue will depend largely on how the war in Ukraine ends. In addition, Poland must convince the US that it can competently bear responsibility for the security of NATO’s eastern flank. As part of the research, interviews were conducted with American scientists and experts. The article also used the method of content analysis of text sources.

Abstract. Ukrainian-Israeli relations underwent significant structural changes in the wake of russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. Following the outbreak of russia’s war against Ukraine, the pre-war positive dynamics in Ukrainian-Israeli relations shifted to neutral expressions of support and practical detachment from the war by the Israeli government. Despite undergoing three changes in government during the one-and-a-half years of the war, Israel’s policy of neutrality towards russia’s actions in Ukraine remained consistent, albeit with some differences. This article provides an indepth analysis of Israel’s policies towards Ukraine under the leadership of three Prime Ministers: Naftali Bennett, Yair Lapid, and Benjamin Netanyahu. This article delves into the complex dynamics of the Israeli government’s stance regarding support for Ukraine, focusing on public reactions, practical steps, and reservations. The political activities of each Israeli Prime Minister, coupled with the domestic context and national interests, provide a compelling insight into Israel’s approach towards crucial geopolitical matters. Among these is Israel’s stance of neutrality towards the ongoing war in Ukraine – a stance that warrants a deeper examination. The article unravels the conceptual framework that underpins the foreign policy positions of three subsequent Prime Ministers of the State of Israel with regard to Ukraine against the context of russia’s full-scale war. The research resulted in the author’s author’s hypothesis regarding the geopolitical priorities of the State of Israel. Keywords: Israeli-Ukrainian relations, russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, Middle Eastern Neutrality, geopolitical interests, red lines, Naftali Bennett, Yair Lapid, Benjamin Netanyahu.

The full-scale war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, has brought pain and grief into the lives of Ukrainians and caused an outburst — indeed, an explosion — of needs that have affected every sphere of human life. The Christian view of the human person is integral, seeing the person as a whole being — spiritual, psychological, and physical — created out of love, for love, and for communion with God and other people. The traumatic experience of war has brought suffering and dissonance into each of these dimensions of human existence — the loss of meaning and values, including spiritual ones; the experience of extreme stress and psychological disorders; the loss of one’s homeland, parental home, health, and even life itself. The Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine, faithful to its vocation to serve through love, seeks to respond to and address the needs of those who suffer — on the spiritual, social, psychological, and humanitarian levels. This article presents and describes a specific fragment of such ministry and support — service to the human person in a concrete space and by concrete people.

The article analyzes and assesses the American perspective on the ambitions of the Polish Law and Justice authorities to become the leader of Central and Eastern Europe in the context of the war in Ukraine. The research question is whether Poland is perceived by the American authorities as the leader of Central and Eastern Europe and to what extent the war in Ukraine has an impact on this? The hypothesis assumes that Poland's decisive actions in response to the war in Ukraine had a significant positive impact on the American perception of Poland's potential leadership role in the region. Regional integration projects co-initiated by Poland in recent years also had a positive impact. Whether Poland will deepen the image of the CEE leader will depend to a large extent on the outcome of the war in Ukraine and the ability of the Polish authorities to capitalize on the role that Poland played during the war. In order to find an answer to the research question, interviews were conducted with scientists and experts from research institutes in Washington D. C.and New York. During the research, experts and scientists from research institutions in Washington D. C. and New York were interviewed. Selected documents and political statements were also examined using the method of content analysis of text sources.

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the current state of domestic restaurant establishments and identify the main problems of their functioning. Methods.. The following methods are used to identify the current problems of domestic restaurant establishments: the method of analysis and synthesis (for analyzing and assessing the problems of domestic restaurant establishments), the method of systematization and generalization (for identifying the key problems of domestic restaurant establishments), the abstract-logical method (for forming conclusions). Results. Тhe article examines the current state of domestic restaurant establishments, identifies the problems of their functioning, namely: insufficient level of innovation, inefficient use of resources, staff turnover and the presence of global problems (quarantine restrictions and a full-scale war in Ukraine). High staff turnover is a significant problem that affects the stability of the work of establishments that are constantly losing qualified employees and cannot provide constant quality of service. Quarantine restrictions and a full-scale war in Ukraine have become additional factors that have seriously complicated business in the restaurant sector, which has led to a decline in demand, changes in consumer behavior and the need to adapt to new realities. The main goals of domestic restaurant enterprises have been identified - improving the quality of services and maintenance; market positioning; effective cost management and pricing; technology development.

Background. Assessment of the role of stress hormones and vitamin D levels under the influence of a long-term psychotraumatic factor provides information necessary for the prevention of type 2 dia­betes mellitus (T2DM) complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of the stress hormone cortisol and the state of vitamin D supply in patients with T2DM during the full-scale war in Ukraine compared to the pre-war state. Materials and methods. In 2021–2024, a prospective study was conducted, which inclu­ded patients with T2DM and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level ≥ 7 %, individuals with insulin resistance without DM and people without DM aged 19–75 years. Exclusion criteria were as follows: T2DM with severe chronic complications, HbA1c level < 7 %, acute inflammatory processes, oncological diseases, body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2, intake of antidepressants, vitamin D drugs less than 2 months before the study. The average level of 25(OH)D, serum and salivary cortisol were studied every year from 2021 to 2024. Laboratory studies were performed using the methods of chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results. Patients with T2DM have a lower mean level of vitamin D and it decreases during the war, being significantly lower in 2023 and 2024 compared to 2021. In people without diabetes, the average level of vitamin D also decreases during the war years, but in general it is higher, within the limits of vitamin D insufficiency. In 2024, the average level of vitamin D in these patients increased, which indicates a more active medical intervention. When determi­ning the dynamics of serum cortisol in patients without DM in 2024, the following is observed. It was significantly higher than before the war, and in patients with DM2, it was highest in 2022 with a gradual downward trend in 2023 and a return to an increase of the average level in 2024. In this group of patients, the difference between indicators is not reliable. When determining the dynamics of salivary cortisol, we observe an increase in the average level during the war in patients without DM, and an increase in the average level during the war with a peak in 2023 in patients with insulin resistance without DM. In patients with T2DM, there is an increase in cortisol during the war, which was also present before it began. The lowest level was observed in this group of patients in 2022. Conclusions. Patients with T2DM during the war compared to the pre-war period had a stably increased level of salivary cortisol. In people without T2DM, there is a significant increase in the average level of cortisol in saliva during the war compared to the pre-war period. It is recommended to reduce the level of insulin resistance through lifestyle modification, maintaining an adequate level of vitamin D.

The full-scale war in Ukraine shook the whole world with unpre- cedented brutality and suddenness. The whole civilized world will probably take a long time to recover from the war, because civilians of a peaceful country were targeted. In one moment, the lives of millions of people in the heart of Europe got in danger. At this moment, the war is still going on and rockets are constantly striking the homes of Ukrainians. But the brave people of Ukraine, with the help of all people of good will, continue to wage a desperate struggle for their right to live in a free country, for their right to live in a civilized world, ruled by human va- lues. In this article, Ukrainian psychologists share their personal and professional experiences during the full-scale war that continues in Ukraine.

Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine has amplified narratives of militarized masculinity, portraying ‘real Russian men’ as defenders of the motherland. This paper qualitatively examines how such narratives are discursively and multimodally constructed in Russian state propaganda, focusing on two cases: Vladimir Putin’s meeting with the mothers of Russian soldiers (November 2022) and the Defenders of the Fatherland event at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow (February 2023). Methodologically, the study combines the identity propaganda framework with multimodal critical discourse analysis and feminist security narrative analysis, paying attention to both overtly represented meanings and those that are omitted and erased. In both cases, the state-aligned representations of militarized masculinity (and femininity) work to legitimize the war in Ukraine by glorifying men’s battlefield heroism while concealing the structural violence that sustains the Russian war effort and naturalizing the Kremlin’s imperial claims over Ukrainian territory. The analysis demonstrates how militarized masculinity is made accessible to ordinary Russian men in the propaganda in a multimodal manner, by showcasing different militarized bodies, invoking the hero journey narrative, and essentializing patriotic duty. Meanwhile, Ukrainians who oppose the Russian invasion are in the two cases securitized as the necessary enemy Other and visually erased. The findings extend existing research by embedding representations of militarized masculinity in the authoritarian context of an ongoing war, showing how propaganda narratives obscure structural inequalities of race and class, while strategically employing historical myths to legitimize an unjust invasion and internal oppression.

The full-scale war in Ukraine has triggered a significant wave of forced migration among scientists, leading to brain drain and disruptions in research continuity. Understanding the dynamics of this migration is crucial for policymakers, academic institutions, and international organizations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in analyzing large datasets, tracking migration trends, and predicting future developments. This paper explores how AI technologies can be leveraged to study the forced migration of scientists, assess its impact on global research, and propose strategies for mitigating negative consequences. In this paper presents AI solutions for supporting displaced scientists in forced migration, highlighting how AI-driven tools can facilitate scientific integration, career continuity, and knowledge retention in host countries.

The article emphasizes that modern Ukrainian military documentary literature is developing at a fast pace, which is due to the modern social context – a full-scale war in Ukraine due to the invasion of the Russian Federation. A long stay in wartime conditions requires understanding, evaluation of events, actualization and explanation for both Ukrainian and foreign audiences, which explains the authors’ interest in this way of reflecting wartime reality. The research focuses on identifying the potential of the narrative method of organizing material in documentary collections about the war in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the specificity of understanding the military reality and its representation by the authors depends on the status of the communicator as an author-observer of the events and the author-participant of the events. If the authors-observers of the events are clearly aware of their communication intentions to achieve specific communication effects (in particular, influence on public opinion), then the participating authors first of all strive to actualize the personal experience of specific events, to think about it, to share it with the audience, to reflect. It was revealed that the collection of e. Shishatskyi «Journey to the Beyond. Mariupol» in the form of «diary entries» – demonstrates the subjective experience of the author, which he experienced during a trip to Mariupol with a volunteer mission, – to help his relatives and countrymen. the experience gained had a significant impact on the author’s value orientations, because he retrospectively spoke about the obstacles he encountered on his way and which he was unable to overcome, about the peculiarities of adaptation to the new reality – the military.

Background. Considering the changes in the population’s lifestyle during the russian-Ukrainian war, it is relevant to study vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in dynamics during the war. The study aimed to assess the status of vitamin D in different age and sex groups of patients with T2DM during the full-scale war in Ukraine compared to the pre-war status. Materials and methods. In 2021–2024, a study of 1256 patients with T2DM aged 19–75 years. Vitamin D status was assessed by measuring serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the morning on an empty stomach using an immunochemiluminescent method. Results. The level of (25(OH)D) in 2021 was significantly higher in all age categories of patients with T2DM and corresponded to vitamin D insufficiency. For the age category 25–44 years, significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D were found in 2022, 2023 and 2024 compared to those examined in 2021. For the age category 45–59 years, the average level of 25(OH)D in 2022 was lower compared to other periods. For the age category 60–75 years, the average level of 25(OH)D in 2023 was lower than in 2024. In the youngest group of patients aged 19–24 years, 25(OH)D levels ranged from 38.7 to 77.4 nmol/L, covering both D deficiency and D insufficiency found during 2021–2024. The 60–75 age group had the highest mean 25(OH)D level in 2024: 73.3 nmol/L. The mean 25(OH)D level in women with T2DM in 2024 was slightly higher than in men. Conclusions. 25(ОН)D level in 2021 was significantly higher in all age categories of patients with Т2DM compared to 2022–2024 and corresponded to vitamin D insufficiency. The highest average level of 25(ОН)D in 2024 was in Т2DM patients aged 60–75 years.

War is a phenomenon that has accompanied man since the beginning of time. Therefore, the author undertook to investigate how its description in the cited works published before the full-scale war in Ukraine changed when compared to the works published aft er the beginning of the full-scale invasion. The author focused on the differences between the novels of two Ukrainian writers, Volodymyr Rafeyenko and Petro Yatsenko, considering that they were published before the full-scale war. This article described how the authors predicted the outbreak of the war on February 24, 2022. In the second part of the article, the author wrote about the stories presented in the comic book collection as those that took place after the start of the full-scale war in Ukraine. This research allowed to draw conclusions that there are supernatural elements in both novels and comic books, and that in both of these works, the Ukrainians are victorious over the enemy, which gives hope for victory in the entire war.