Three New IriKAgina “Reform” Fragments from Girsu

Since it was first published more than forty years ago, Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 2, has been considered the authoritative sourcebook for readers and scholars interested in Japan from the eighteenth century to the post-World War II period. Now greatly expanded to include the entire twentieth century, and beginning in 1600, Sources of Japanese Tradition presents writings by modern Japan's most important philosophers, religious figures, writers and political leaders. The volume also offers extensive introductory essays and commentary to assist in understanding the documents' historical settings and significance. Wonderfully varied in its selections, this eagerly anticipated expanded edition has revised many of the texts from the original edition and added a great many not included or translated before. New additions include documents on the postwar era, the importance of education in the process of modernization, and women's issues. Beginning with documents from the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate, the collection's essays, manifestos, religious tracts, political documents, and memoirs reflect major Japanese religious, philosophical, social and political movements. Subjects covered include the spread of neo-Confucian and Buddhist teachings, Japanese poetry and aesthetics, and the Meiji Restoration. Other documents reflect the major political trends and events of the period: the abolition of feudalism, agrarian reform, the emergence of poltical parties and liberalism, and the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. The collection also includes Western and Japanese impressions of each other through Western religious missions and commercial and cultural exchanges. These selections underscore Japanese and Western apprehension of and fascination with each other. As Japan entered the twentieth century, new political and social movements -- Marxism, anarchism, socialism, nationalism, and feminism -- entered the national consciousness. Later readings in the collection look at the buildup to war with the United States, military defeat and American occupation. Documents from the postwar period echo Japan's struggle with its own history and its development as a capitalist democracy.

Since it was first published more than forty years ago, Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 2, has been considered the authoritative sourcebook for readers and scholars interested in Japan from the eighteenth century to the post-World War II period. Now greatly expanded to include the entire twentieth century, and beginning in 1600, Sources of Japanese Tradition presents writings by modern Japan's most important philosophers, religious figures, writers and political leaders. The volume also offers extensive introductory essays and commentary to assist in understanding the documents' historical settings and significance. Wonderfully varied in its selections, this eagerly anticipated expanded edition has revised many of the texts from the original edition and added a great many not included or translated before. New additions include documents on the postwar era, the importance of education in the process of modernization, and women's issues. Beginning with documents from the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate, the collection's essays, manifestos, religious tracts, political documents, and memoirs reflect major Japanese religious, philosophical, social and political movements. Subjects covered include the spread of neo-Confucian and Buddhist teachings, Japanese poetry and aesthetics, and the Meiji Restoration. Other documents reflect the major political trends and events of the period: the abolition of feudalism, agrarian reform, the emergence of poltical parties and liberalism, and the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. The collection also includes Western and Japanese impressions of each other through Western religious missions and commercial and cultural exchanges. These selections underscore Japanese and Western apprehension of and fascination with each other. As Japan entered the twentieth century, new political and social movements -- Marxism, anarchism, socialism, nationalism, and feminism -- entered the national consciousness. Later readings in the collection look at the buildup to war with the United States, military defeat and American occupation. Documents from the postwar period echo Japan's struggle with its own history and its development as a capitalist democracy.

Reviewed by: Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics Bradford Vivian Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. By Ronald Aminzade et al.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001; pp xv + 280. $65.00 cloth. Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politicsattempts to demonstrate the importance of hitherto undervalued topics in the study of "contentious politics." In the book's introduction, Sidney Tarrow explains that this phrase refers to transgressions of sanctioned political participation "broader than social movements but narrower than all of politics" (7). Thus, "many subjects in contentious politics do not reduce to classical social movement organizations" (6). The authors propose to address this inadequacy by "exploring aspects of contentious politics that have not been given sufficient attention by scholars of western social movements" (5). In the authors' words, the primary contribution [End Page 151]of the volume is "an expansion of the boundaries" of social movement research (13). The subject matter of Silence and Voiceis generally relevant to rhetorical inquiry, given that its interpretive frame identifies the "[c]ollective making of conflicting claims" as "the special territory of contention within the broader zone of public politics" (7). At the very least, rhetorical scholars of revolutions and social movements will find many potential links to their own research throughout this volume. Readers both within and without rhetorical studies should be aware, however, that the title of the book is somewhat misleading. The political function of social and historical "silences" or "voices" is not its object of study; rather, the volume scrutinizes topics about which the sociological study of social movements largely has been silent, and seeks to articulate their importance to such research. Rendering "silence" and "voice" plural in the book's title would have provided a more accurate description of its contents. The book's chapters seek to offer "focused, structured comparisons between and within various types of polities" that demonstrate "how similar mechanisms concatenate differently in different kinds of contention in different social and historical settings" (7, 8). In chapter 2 (the first after the book's introduction), Ron Aminzade and Doug McAdam address the current "silence" regarding "the mobilization of emotions as a necessary and exceedingly important component of any significant instance of collective action" (14). After surveying the small body of sociological literature in this area, they "identify certain emotions as central to movement emergence, growth, and decline" and "explore how emotion work and feeling rules shape public expressions of certain emotions during different points in the trajectory of movement development" (15). Chapter 3 claims that most social scientific literature on social movements "has treated space as an assumed and unproblematized background, not as a constituent aspect of contentious politics that must be conceptualized explicitly and probed systematically" (51–52). Its author, William H. Sewell Jr., proposes "to provide a rudimentary theoretical vocabulary for thinking about space in contentious politics and to begin putting such a vocabulary to work" (52). "By shaping social interaction," Sewell argues, "the built environment also shapes the nature and possibility of social protest" (61). In chapter 4 McAdam and Sewell maintain that, although existing sociological research includes substantial commentary on the protest cycles of given movements, "specific temporal rhythms have been emphasized at the expense of others" (89). While long-term change processes and protest cycles traditionally have served as the primary models of temporality, the authors argue for the significance of two alternative models: "transformative events," or contingent [End Page 152]and singular episodes that serve as crucial touchstones in the development of a larger movement, and "cultural epochs of contention," or "'master templates' of contention . . . repeatedly activated in a wide range of places and circumstances" (101, 112). Chapter 5 argues for a new perspective on the role of leadership in contentious politics. Aminzade, Jack A. Goldstone, and Elizabeth J. Perry acknowledge that a "vast outpouring of scholarship" has been devoted to this topic, but contend that most of it "has focused on explaining leadership itself, rather than on its effects" (126). In particular, they propose "a new direction for the study of movement leadership" that avoids both "the well trodden paths of a fascination with the uniquely (aberrant...

This research aims to describe the historical background and value of character education in the novel "Perburuan" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its relevance to literature learning in schools. This research is qualitative descriptive research using a literary sociology approach. The data source is the novel "Perburuan" by Pramoedya Ananta Tour, and several references are related to the study of the novel. The data collection technique is done through document analysis, namely analyzing various documents to formulate the research problem. Data analysis uses flow model analysis with stages of data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The research results show that the historical setting in the novel studied can be used as a historical document containing the struggle of the Indonesian people against the Japanese colonialists. The novel contains three historical settings: the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, the PETA rebellion, and the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. The novel "Perburuan" contains four character education values: religious values, the value of national spirit or nationalism, the value of love for the homeland, and the value of love of peace. These character education values need to be taught to students through literature learning. The expected result of character education through literature learning is the formation of individuals who behave nobly based on character and example, reflected in students' daily behavior.

The Pelangi Hotel in Malang is one of the well-maintained colonial buildings. Since established in the 1860s, its architectural form and function have experienced some changes, which cannot be separated from important events that had occurred around the building. With regard to this, the research focuses on the historical setting and function dynamics of Hotel Pelangi. This study is historical research using the following steps: topic selection, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that Pelangi Hotel is a cultural heritage building that has historical values. When it was first built, the building functioned as a guesthouse. In its development, it had functioned as a villa, hotel, and temporary government center before returning as a hotel.

This is a theoretical and ethnographic research on the various meanings that can be assigned to the rights to recognition among four rural communities in Canania (a coastal town in the south of So Paulo state, in Brazil), as they mobilize for their rights as quilombos or traditional communities. We start by analizing the normative-conceptual aspects of the right s to recognition as such: their prevailing categories, references and legal meanings, which result from the political and conceptual debates underlying their legal and regulatory status. A historical and social contextualization about the four localities -Mandira, Ex-Colonia, Taquari and Santa Maria -follows, in which not only their common processes but also their specific historical origins are considered. We give special attention to the transforming events that impact the groups' territorial relations, such as the arrival of land grabbers and the imposition of environmental restrictions. Such events risk the very integrity of their territories, but they also motivate the upcoming of the communities as collective political agents striving for their rights. Notwithstanding these general features, in each community, the change from costumary inheritance rights to the collective property framework, as predicted by the quilombolas right to recognition, suggests new, specific disputes, that defy both the legal categories and the prevailing meanings mobilized by the social movements which aggregate communities in the struggle for their rights. Besides, in each community people and families engage in the struggle in different ways, as they respond to the dynamic state of local social relations and issues, which can bring together or weaken family bonds, modify the conditions of belonging to the community, as people evaluate the actions and reputations of one another. Thus, from a local perspective, the meanings implied in the rights to recognition consider both the shared disrespectful experiences which enable agentes to mobilize collectively and the dynamic state of the local economy of respect, which is assessed by people, family and relatives in managing their issues and setting their varying dispositions towards each community's struggle for rights. These various, disputed meanings allow us to observe how local agents can interpret and elaborate upon morally motivated demands for rights which are creative and unexpected in the framework of legal categories. Therefore, local settings imply the need for more extensive interpretations regarding the rights to recognition, both on the legal formulations and the corresponding state policies.

Objectives This study aims to reconsider the historical value and educational significance of social equality movement by analyzing the history curriculum and textbooks based on the research trends and characteristics of the social equality movement. Methods To this end, the research trend of the social equality movement was followed and the characteristics of the social equality movement were categorized into two categories. The main research flow is the case of emphasizing the nature of the national liberation movement and focusing on the nation, and the other trend is the case of focusing on the movement to overcome discrimination in the social equality movement and treating civic values as important. The descriptions of the history curriculum (7th, 2009 revision, 2015 revision) and textbooks (2015 revision high school Korean history) were analyzed based on national values and civic values. Results As a result of the review in this study, first, in the history curriculum (7th Korean Modern and Contemporary History, 2009, 2015 Revised Korean History), the social equality movement emphasized the characteristics of the national liberation movement, giving priority to national values. However, there was a change that gradually approached the social equality movement in terms of social movement in terms of unit organization and achievement technology. Next, in the history textbook (2015 High School Korean History), the view of the national liberation movement centered on the confrontation between the social equality movement and the Japanese Empire was dominant, but a narrative focused on civic values by approaching the social equality movement as a social movement appeared. Conclusions By reconsidering the historical value of the social equality movement, the educational significance of the social equality movement as a citizenship education is improved.

W. H. Chaloner and R. C. Richardson (Comps.). British Economic and Social History : A Bibliographical Guide. (Manchester: The University Press. 1976. PpPauline Gregg. Black Death to Industrial Revolution. A Social and Economic History of England. (London: Harrap. 1976. PpR. G. Parker. Coke of Norfolk. A Financial and Agricultural Study, 1707‐1842. (London: The Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1975. PpT. M. Devine. The Tobacco Lords. A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c. 1740‐90. (Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. 1975. PpM. W. Flinn and T. C. Smout (Eds.). Essays in Social History. (London: The Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, for the Economic History Society. 1974. PpJean Lindsay. The Scottish Poor Law. Its Operation in the North‐East from 1745 to 1845. (Ilfracombe: Arthur H. Stockwell Ltd. 1976. PpA. Allan Maclaren (Ed.). Social Class in Scotland: Past and Present. (Edinburgh: John Donald. 1976. PpA. Temple Patterson. A History of Southampton, 1790‐1914. Vol. III: Setbacks and Recoveries, 1868‐1914. Southampton Records Series, vol. XVIII. (Southampton: The University Press. 1975. PpEric J. Evans. The Contentious Tithe: The Tithe Problem and English Agriculture, 1750‐1850. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1976. PpThomas McKeown. The Modern Rise of Population. (London: Edward Arnold. 1976. PpDerek Oddy and Derek Miller (Eds.). The Making of the Modern British Diet. (London: Croom Helm. 1976. PpDerek Fraser (Ed.). The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan. 1976. PpWilliam A. Green. British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830‐65. (Oxford: Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1976. PpG. A. Phillips. The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1976. PpSean Glynn and J ohn Oxborrow. Interwar Britain: A Social and Economic History. (London: George Allen & Unwin. 1976. PpJ. M. Winter (Ed.). War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1975. PpM. I. Finley (Ed.). Studies in Roman Property. By the Cambridge University Research Seminar in Ancient History. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1976. PpE. Ashtor. A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. (London: Collins. 1976. PpRobert S. Lopez. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950‐1350. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1976. PpCarlo M. Cipolla. Before the Industrial Revolution. European Society and Economy, 1000‐1700. (London: Methuen. 1976. PpHermann Kellenbenz. The Rise of the European Economy. An Economic History of Continental Europe, 1500‐1750. (London: Weidenfeld. 1976. PpT. Evergates. Feudal Society in the Bailliage of Troyes under the Counts of Champagne, 1152‐1284. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1976. PpN. J. G. Pounds. An Economic History of Medieval Europe. (London: Longman, 1974. PpRichard Tilden Rapp. Industry and Economic Decline in Seventeenth‐Century Venice. (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press. 1976. PpW. O. Henderson. The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834‐1914. (London: Temple Smith. 1975. PpG. L. Barrow. The Emergence of the Irish Banking System, 1820‐45. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1975. PpM. Moynihan. Currency and Central Banking in Ireland, 1922‐60. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan with the Central Bank of Ireland. 1975. PpThomas S. Fedor. Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire During the Nineteenth Century. (Chicago: The University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 163. 1975. PpGilbert Rozman. Urban Networks in Russia, 1750‐1800, and Premodern Periodization. (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1976. PpPeter Duignan and L. H. Gann (Eds.). Colonialism in Africa, 1870‐1960. Vol. 4: The Economics of Colonialism. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1975. PpJ. Forbes Munro. Colonial Rule and the Kamba: Social Change in the Kenya Highlands, 1889‐1939. (London: Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1975. PpPeter Temin. Did Monetary Factors Cause the Great Depression? (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1976. Pp

Heritage buildings have always been essential in improving the quality of the city’s life, especially for the communities living in historical settings. They play a vital part in representing historical, architectural, cultural, political, spiritual, and symbolic values that are passed down to generations. Historical buildings are often considered dilapidated, and due to society's neglect of these, the historical buildings positioned within the oldest parts of the city have deteriorated. Heritage buildings in Malaysia are defined as historical buildings that are protected under the National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645) to preserve tangible cultural heritage. This study intends to identify the Strategies contributing to Net Zero Carbon in Sustainable Conservation Practices for Historical Buildings in Malaysia. The research primarily focused on Conservation Architects and Heritage Professionals, with data being collected through semi-structured interviews and subsequently subjected to Thematic Analysis Matrix. The objective was to propose a set of recommendations for sustainable practices in the conservation of heritage buildings in Malaysia, aimed at achieving net zero carbon emissions. This endeavour was aimed at advancing the discourse on Net Zero Carbon in Historical Buildings and fostering public awareness regarding the significance of these architectural treasures.

The article is dedicated to the study of modern approaches to the formation of a barrier-free environment within the historical public spaces of Ukrainian cities. The authors address the issue of ensuring accessibility of public spaces for all population groups, particularly persons with disabilities, the elderly, parents with children, and other groups with limited mobility. The paper emphasizes the importance of implementing the principles of universal design, which ensure equal access to the urban environment regardless of users’ physical capabilities. Particular attention is paid to the challenges that arise during the transformation of historical environments, especially restrictions related to cultural heritage preservation, regulatory barriers, and persistent stereotypes about accessibility in historic cities. The article explores examples of international practice that demonstrate the possibility of integrating barrier-free solutions into environments with high historical and cultural value. The article also highlights the impact of the war in Ukraine as a factor influencing changes in the demographic structure of cities, including an increase in the number of people with temporary or permanent disabilities, internally displaced persons, and veterans who require a comfortable and accessible environment. This context reinforces the urgent need to revise existing standards and to develop new strategies for inclusive spatial development. The research results include an analysis of Ukrainian legal and regulatory frameworks concerning accessibility, a critical evaluation of existing architectural solutions, and recommendations for integrating barrier-free principles into the design of public spaces in historical settings. The authors underscore the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and the need for collaboration among architects, urban planners, local authorities, and civil society organizations to achieve real inclusion. Thus, the article makes a significant contribution to the academic discourse on social inclusion, universal design, and sustainable urban development and may serve as both a theoretical and practical foundation for further research and project implementation in the fields of architecture and urban studies.

Ferninism incorporates a doctrine of equal rights for women, an organ- ized movement to attain these rights, and an ideology of social trans- formation aimed at creating a world for women beyond simple social equality. It is broadly the ideology of women's liberation, since intrinsic to it is the belief that women suffer injustice because of their gender. In recent years the definition of feminism has gone beyond simply meaning move- ments for equality and emancipation which agitate for equal rights and legal reforms to redress the prevailing discrimination against women. The word has now been expanded to mean an awareness of women's oppres- sion and exploitation within the family, at work, and in society, and conscious action by women to change this. However, in the first phase of feminism in India (1917-1947) with which this essay deals, the women's movement was primarily concerned with demanding equal political, social, and economic rights and for the removal of all forms of discrimina- tory procedures against women Although feminism was a middle-class ideology, it presupposed the idea of women as a distinct group, who despite their differences of class, caste, religion, and ethnicity, shared certain common physical and psychological characteristics and mani- fested certain common problems. Nationalism is a broad concept which includes many values but is basically a belief that a group of people sharing a common territory, culture, and history, and often, also a common language and religion, possess a common national identity and therefore are entitled to a nation state. This claim did not negate the fact that there were indigenous differ- ences of class, caste, and gender; but people were able to launch struggles which blurred these divisions and stressed the commonality of a national identity against the foreign enemy. A national movement in India can be said to have begun with the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The process of nation- building and the creation of a national identity was paralleled, in fact, preceded by the growth of social reform movements focusing on women's issues. Since the status of women in society was the popular barometer of civilization, many reformers had agitated for legislation that would improve their situation. By the second decade of the nineteenth century, social reformers began deploring the condition of women. Under British rule, with its new agrarian and commercial relations and the introduction of English educa- tion, law courts, and an expanding administrative structure, an urban

T SHE year i 968 was an important one for economic history in Ireland. In that year the Irish Economic History Group held its first annual conference. The group had been established in i967 during the Belfast meeting of the British Economic History Society; and in I970 was formally constituted as the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland. Also in i968 appeared two important books on Irish economic and social history: Cullen's Anglo-Irish Trade (32) ,1 containing much ofthe evidential basis ofhis reinterpretations ofeighteenthcentury Irish economic history; and Connell's Irish Peasant Society (23), a collection of highly original inquiries into aspects of nineteenth-century society. Since i968 a large volume of material, having some claim to be economic or social history, has been published. The annual bibliographies compiled by the Economic History Review list nearly 450 items on Ireland to the end of I977, but this is a considerable understatement, notwithstanding the energies of an Irish compiler between I970 and I975.2 Judging by the more comprehensive bibliographies published in Irish Economic and Social History since I974, a more realistic figure might well be over i,000. In the face of such apparent abundance, Prof. Lee's remark that scholars regularly and rightly lament the neglect of Irish economic history,3 seems to have a ring of Irish perversity about it, but it is sound enough. If economic history is defined as that which is written by professional economic historians, there is little of it: the combined profession in Irish universities, north and south, would be hard pressed to raise a rugby team.4 Much recent economic history is the work ofgeneral historians, economists, archivists, folklorists, antiquarians, and enthusiastic amateurs. A large part of their writing qualifies as economic or social history only on the most elastic definitions; a good deal is ephemeral and some is trivial. Still, all is welcome. Economic history in Ireland suffered premature generalization sixty years ago in the publications of George O'Brien;5 and the empirical epoch experienced by the subject in Britain during the interwar years passed Ireland by. Irish economic history, ifit was thought about at all, was presented as

T SHE year i 968 was an important one for economic history in Ireland. In that year the Irish Economic History Group held its first annual conference. The group had been established in i967 during the Belfast meeting of the British Economic History Society; and in I970 was formally constituted as the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland. Also in i968 appeared two important books on Irish economic and social history: Cullen's Anglo-Irish Trade (32) ,1 containing much ofthe evidential basis ofhis reinterpretations ofeighteenthcentury Irish economic history; and Connell's Irish Peasant Society (23), a collection of highly original inquiries into aspects of nineteenth-century society. Since i968 a large volume of material, having some claim to be economic or social history, has been published. The annual bibliographies compiled by the Economic History Review list nearly 450 items on Ireland to the end of I977, but this is a considerable understatement, notwithstanding the energies of an Irish compiler between I970 and I975.2 Judging by the more comprehensive bibliographies published in Irish Economic and Social History since I974, a more realistic figure might well be over i,000. In the face of such apparent abundance, Prof. Lee's remark that "scholars regularly and rightly lament the neglect of Irish economic history,"3 seems to have a ring of Irish perversity about it, but it is sound enough. If economic history is defined as that which is written by professional economic historians, there is little of it: the combined profession in Irish universities, north and south, would be hard pressed to raise a rugby team.4 Much recent economic history is the work ofgeneral historians, economists, archivists, folklorists, antiquarians, and enthusiastic amateurs. A large part of their writing qualifies as economic or social history only on the most elastic definitions; a good deal is ephemeral and some is trivial. Still, all is welcome. Economic history in Ireland suffered premature generalization sixty years ago in the publications of George O'Brien;5 and the empirical epoch experienced by the subject in Britain during the interwar years passed Ireland by. Irish economic history, ifit was thought about at all, was presented as

The problem of how North American medievalists should deal with social and economic history is one which seems to have some importance the present time. Two recent articles in the JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY are concerned with this matter. So are two others which have just appeared in the American Historical Review and which, since they examine quantitative history in general, throw light on this problem. Because of this kind of current interest, it was decided to hold a special session devoted to social and economic history at the recent semicentennial anniversary meeting of the Mediaeval Academy of America. This session was preceded by a questionnaire sent to 105 medieval historians of the United States and Canada who represented every field study, every age group, and every geographic area of this continent. Seventy replies were received and a lively discussion took place later at the meeting itself, which some thirty scholars attended. This article represents an attempt to sum up the results of both the survey and the subsequent discussion because it should be of value not only to medievalists but also to a wider body of scholars who share an interest in economic and social history in general.

Reviewed by: Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpretersed. by Matthias Henze and Rodney A. Werline Barbara Schmitz matthias henzeand rodney a. werline(eds.), Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters( 2nded.; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2020). Pp. xxiv + 645. $45. It was a milestone in the study of early Judaism when Robert A. Kraft and George W. E. Nickelsburg published Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters(Atlanta: Scholars Press) in 1986. It was one of the first projects that brought together the different approaches and perspectives on the Second Temple period and not only offered an overview but established it as an independent field of research. Although published in 1986, the volume summarized research from 1945 until 1980 and drew a picture of early Judaism as a varied, complex, and dynamic period. Since 1980, the study of early Judaism has vastly increased. Texts, manuscripts, inscriptions, and archaeological findings as well as their translations have been made accessible. Furthermore, new methodologies, approaches, and tools have been developed. Therefore, forty years after the first edition, Matthias Henze and Rodney Werline offer a revised second edition that offers an updated version covering the last decades of research on early Judaism. Henze and Werline organized the volume in four parts ("Historical and Social Settings"; "Methods, Manuscripts, and Material"; "Early Jewish Literature"; "The Afterlife of Early Judaism"). In the introduction, the editors outline the conceptual and methodological changes in the last forty years and discuss challenges with terminology and categories such [End Page 523]as "Judaism," "early," "Second Temple period," "Apocrypha," "pseudepigrapha," and so on. The first part, "Historical and Social Settings," includes four chapters. Chris Seeman ("Jewish History from Alexander to Hadrian") presents a historical overview focusing on three main issues: the history of the high priesthood, the question of integration and marginalization in Israel as well as in the diaspora, and the relationship between Rome and Judea. Philip Esler ("The Social World of Early Judaism") delineates the social picture, with its broad social system in Palestine, socioreligious institutions (temple, synagogue, household) and social movements and groups. He discusses the problems related to the question of Jewish/Judean identity. Erich Gruen ("Jews in the Diaspora") gives a learned insight on Jewish life in the different regions of the ancient world, with a hermeneutical shift, asking how comfortable Jews in the diaspora found themselves in the balance between the maintenance of their tradition and the adjustment to societies in which they were a minority culture. A new chapter in the volume is Françoise Mirguet's "Gender in Early Jewish Literature," contextualizing research on gender in early Judaism in the study of ancient Greece and Rome and exploring the role of women, the construction of gender, femininities and masculinities, and gender as a structuring category. The second part, "Methods, Manuscripts, and Material," includes six chapters. The first is also a new chapter, "New Methodologies," by Werline. He presents recent results from different approaches, such as spatial theory, emotions, ritual theory, postcolonial theory, and so on. Alison Schofield ("The Dead Sea Scrolls") gives an update on a field of research that has changed significantly in the most recent decades. Pieter W. van der Horst ("Early Jewish Epigraphy") is a new entry, presenting the rapidly developed specialization of epigraphy as a path to "ordinary Jewish people" in antiquity and their thoughts, hopes, griefs, and joys. His discussion of critical aspects of Jean-Baptiste Frey's Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum(Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1975) is followed by the presentation of newly published editions, criteria for identifying Jewish inscriptions and questions on geographical and chronological distribution as well as genres and languages. Similar issues are discussed in Robert Kugler's chapter, "Documentary Papyri," which gives an update of Victor Tcherikover and Alexander Fuks's Corpus Papyrorum Iudaicarum(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), covering the new findings in Egypt (e.g., Herakleopolis) and Israel. Eric M. Meyers ("The Archaeology of Early Judaism") gives an insightful overview of archaeology, starting with the Persian period and including the evolution of the Jews in Babylonia. In "Early Judaism and Modern Technology," Todd R. Hanneken describes the dramatic changes that computer-assisted research has brought to the study of early Judaism. Timothy...