Abstract
In the clinic, bone defects resulting from infections, trauma, surgical resection and genetic malformations remain a significant challenge. In the field of bone tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are promising for the treatment of bone defects. In this study, calcium sulfate hydrate (CSH)/mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds were successfully fabricated using a 3D printing technique, which had a regular and uniform square macroporous structure, high porosity and excellent apatite mineralization ability. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were cultured on scaffolds to evaluate hBMSC attachment, proliferation and osteogenesis-related gene expression. Critical-sized rat calvarial defects were applied to investigate the effect of CSH/MBG scaffolds on bone regeneration in vivo. The in vitro results showed that CSH/MBG scaffolds stimulated the adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteogenesis-related gene expression of hBMSCs. In vivo results showed that CSH/MBG scaffolds could significantly enhance new bone formation in calvarial defects compared to CSH scaffolds. Thus 3D printed CSH/MBG scaffolds would be promising candidates for promoting bone regeneration.
Highlights
Can be enhanced after curing at 37 °C in 100% relative humidity for a period of time[18,19]
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed that mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) powder contains highly ordered mesoporous channels (Fig. 1B), as previously reported for 58S bioactive glasses[31]
BV/TV showed the same tendency as the bone mineral density (BMD) results (Fig. 10F), revealing a significant difference between the CSH/MBG20, CSH/MBG40, and CSH/MBG60 groups and the CSH group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that CSH/MBG scaffolds promote improved bone regeneration compared with CSH scaffolds, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR analysis
Summary
Can be enhanced after curing at 37 °C in 100% relative humidity for a period of time[18,19]. More efforts have been made to fabricate CSH-based cements by combining with other bioactive materials to improve bioactivity, stabilize pH environment and decrease resorption rate, as well as to tailor setting time and inject ability. Most CSH-based bone cements are still inadequate for bone tissue engineering applications due to failure to improve both physicochemical properties and bioactivity simultaneously. Wu et al reported 3D printed MBG scaffolds with a controllable pore architecture, excellent mechanical strength and good mineralization ability could be an excellent candidate for bone regeneration[29]. Zhang et al used 3D printing to fabricate strontium-containing MBG scaffolds for bone regeneration, which combined the advantages of good bone-forming bioactivity with controlled ion release, drug delivery and enhanced compressive strength[9]. Using the 3D printing technique, we can precisely control the architecture of a scaffold and enhance its mechanical stability
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