Abstract
In this work, we developed pore-filled ion-exchange membranes (PFIEMs) fabricated for the application to an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) by filling a hydrocarbon-based ionomer containing a fluorine moiety into the pores of a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate having excellent physical and chemical stabilities. The prepared PFIEMs were shown to possess superior tensile strength (i.e., 136.6 MPa for anion-exchange membrane; 129.9 MPa for cation-exchange membrane) and lower electrical resistance compared with commercial membranes by employing a thin porous PE substrate as a reinforcing material. In addition, by introducing a fluorine moiety into the filling ionomer along with the use of the porous PE substrate, the oxidation stability of the PFIEMs could be greatly improved, and the permeability of vanadium ions could also be significantly reduced. As a result of the evaluation of the charge–discharge performance in the VRFB, it was revealed that the higher the fluorine content in the PFIEMs was, the higher the current efficiency was. Moreover, the voltage efficiency of the PFIEMs was shown to be higher than those of the commercial membranes due to the lower electrical resistance. Consequently, both of the pore-filled anion- and cation-exchange membranes showed superior charge–discharge performances in the VRFB compared with those of hydrocarbon-based commercial membranes.
Highlights
As energy demand is rapidly increasing around the world and environmental pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels is emerging, renewable energy is attracting attention as the energy source of the future
energy storage system (ESS) is a key component of a smart grid, and various types of secondary batteries that can be used for a long time and have high energy efficiency during operation are mainly used for large-capacity energy storage [1,2,3]
The membrane electrical resistance (MER) of IEMs is related to the internal resistance of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system and is a factor that dominantly determines the voltage efficiency (VE)
Summary
As energy demand is rapidly increasing around the world and environmental pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels is emerging, renewable energy is attracting attention as the energy source of the future. RFBs possess higher availability and energy efficiency and lower capital cost requirements than other competing technologies They are believed to have several advantages, such as low toxicity and long lifespan. The RFB is a battery system in which an active electrode material dissolved in an electrolyte solution is oxidized and reduced to charge and discharge. Undesirable mixing of the electrolyte components can be prevented by independent storage of cathode and anode active materials, Membranes 2021, 11, 867 and electric energy is charged and discharged. A porous PE film was first impregnated with a monomer mixture At this time, the monomer mixture was prepared with VBC and/or Sty and OFPMA at molar ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, respectively.
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