Abstract
A unified thermodynamic framework for the characterization of functional materials is developed. This framework encompasses linear reversible and irreversible processes with thermal, electrical, magnetic, and/or mechanical effects coupled. The comprehensive framework combines the principles of classical equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics with electrodynamics of continua in the infinitesimal strain regime.In the first part of this paper, linear Thermo-Electro-Magneto-Mechanical (TEMM) quasistatic processes are characterized. Thermodynamic stability conditions are further imposed on the linear constitutive model and restrictions on the corresponding material constants are derived. The framework is then extended to irreversible transport phenomena including thermoelectric, thermomagnetic and the state-of-the-art spintronic and spin caloritronic effects. Using Onsager's reciprocity relationships and the dissipation inequality, restrictions on the kinetic coefficients corresponding to charge, heat and spin transport processes are derived. All the constitutive models are accompanied by multiphysics interaction diagrams that highlight the various processes that can be characterized using this framework.
Highlights
Functional materials are engineered materials that are designed to exhibit desired functionalities in response to a controllable stimulus
This paper aims to address one particular aspect of the characterization of functional materials, i.e., the development of an overarching thermodynamic framework that characterizes the thermal, electrical, magnetic and mechanical effects occurring in these materials
A unified thermodynamic framework was developed for the characterization of functional materials exhibiting thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical (TEMM) behavior
Summary
Functional materials are engineered materials that are designed to exhibit desired functionalities (e.g., sensing, actuation, energy harvesting, self-healing) in response to a controllable stimulus These materials have wide spread applications in fields like aerospace, automotive, medicine, electronics and defense [9, 39]. The fundamental balance laws, governing the evolution of TEMM fields in a deformable, polarizable and magnetizable medium, are presented in the Cartesian component notation. These equations include the thermomechanical balance laws and the Maxwell’s equations specialized to a small strain and small electromagnetic fields regime1:. (Balance of Linear Momentum) (1b) Tij = Tji,.
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