Abstract
Metals and metallurgy have played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization. The major periods in history are marked by such names as the Bronze Age and the Iron Age to reflect the importance of metals. The history of pyrometallurgy can be traced back at least 6000 years to the simple copper smelters of present-day Israel. First metals to be used by mankind were copper, silver and gold due to their abundance in the native metallic form during the beginning of civilization. Most of the world’s copper and nickel are currently produced by smelting sulphide concentrates. Resulting matte is then converted into metal. Peirce–Smith converting is currently used in the copper, nickel and platinum industries to remove iron and sulphur from a molten matte phase. As a result of the relentless innovation and perseverance, Peirce–Smith converter is now very efficient and performs in an environmentally friendly way at the world’s best smelters.
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