Abstract
The stack effect is dominant in multifamily high-rise buildings (MFHRBs) in winter because of the considerable height of MFHRBs, which causes a difference in the infiltration amount between floors. This difference causes a heating load difference between floors in a MFHRB. However, there are no indicators to quantify the heating load differences in previous studies. In this article, an indicator—the thermal draft load coefficient (TDLC)—is proposed that can be used to estimate and evaluate the differences between floors in a MFHRB. The TDLC is built on a theoretical model of the stack effect and leakage area of the airflow paths, considering the entire building airflow in a MFHRB. The theoretical model was validated by comparison with a simulation model. The winter average coefficient of variation of the root mean square error and the normalized mean bias error of the theoretical model were acceptable (17.1% and 9.3%, respectively). The TDLC resulted in a maximum of 2.5 and a minimum of approximately 0.1 in the target MFHRB. The TDLC can pre-evaluate the load difference in the building design stage and can be utilized to build design standards or guidelines.
Highlights
Infiltration Responsibility for Heating Load in Buildings In multifamily high-rise buildings (MFHRBs), a strong airflow caused by the wind and stack effect increases the heating load
According to the theory of the thermal draft coefficient (TDC), which represents the stack effect characteristic in a MFHRB [20,21], the proposed thermal draft load coefficient (TDLC) is formulated by leakage area under given indoor and outdoor temperatures
Conditions 2 and 4 had a difference of 27 times, and conditions 3 and 5 had a 25-times difference. These results indicate the necessity of the TDLC to identify the heating load differences
Summary
Airflows in high-rise buildings affect indoor environments, air quality, and cooling and heating energy consumption [1]. The stack effect causes infiltration through the household envelope below the neutral pressure level (NPL), where the pressure difference between the indoor and outdoor is zero. Each household in a MFHRB has different airflow rates for outdoor infiltration and interzonal air. In MFHRBs, a strong airflow caused by the wind and stack effect increases the heating load. The infiltration load can account for a substantial proportion of the heating demand in MFHRBs
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