THERMAL AND SOLUTAL ANALYSIS OF A TERNARY HYBRID NANOFLUID FLOW IN A POROUS CHANNEL: A FRACTAL–FRACTIONAL MODEL

Ternary hybrid nanofluids(THNFs) are a revolutionary advancement in thermal management, offering remarkable thermal conductivity that significantly boosts heat transfer efficiency. THNFs are ideal for cooling systems, solar energy applications, and electronic device regulation, where effective heat management is crucial. By fine tuning their composition, researchers can tailor these nanofluids to meet specific industrial needs, leading to improved efficiency and energy savings. The goal of current study is twofold: first, to examine the improvement of heat, mass, and motile density of THNF, and secondly, to investigate the irreversibilities in bioconvective dihybrid and trihybrid nanofluids. The THNF is formulated by suspension of nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite [Formula: see text], disulfide (dithioxo) molybdenum [Formula: see text], and copper (Cu) into pure engine oil [Formula: see text]. For dihybrid nanofluid the volume fraction of copper is taken as zero. Maxwell fluid model is utilized to analyze the performance of THNF and dihybrid nanofluid(DHNF). The flow in THNF and DHNF is induced due to an impermeable stretched sheet. Flow governing equations for DHNF and THNF are obtained considering diverse assumptions like electro-magnetohydrodynamic(EMHD), Dufour, Soret, chemical reaction, thermal radiation, and activation energy. Irreversibilities are modeled with the help of thermodynamics second law. The model equations are altered into ordinary system via transformation procedure. Numerical simulations are carried out through built-in function(NDSolve) of Mathematica. Impact of generated variables on DHNF and THNF velocity, thermal field, motile density profile and mass concentration are examined. Comparative analysis for THNF and DHNF is performed. Furthermore, local heat, mass, density, and skin friction coefficient for THNF and DHNF are numerically investigated. Numerical results show that the skin friction coefficient for THNF is 3.2% more than that of DHNF, and the heat transfer rate of THNF is up to 16% higher than that of DHNF. The density number of DHNF is about 1.08% less than that of THNF.

In this study, we prepare an examination of the impact of ternary hybrid nanofluid, shape factors, Mass suction/injection, and porous medium on boundary layer ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in diverging channels, while considering the additional ternary hybrid nanoparticle (ZrO 2 , MoS 2 , and GO) and Polymer as the base liquid was utilized as a base fluid. The shape factors are considered in this study as spherical, tetrahedron, column, and lamina in the current scenario, with special reference to heat transfer optimization. The governing partial differential equations governing continuity and momentum are simplified into ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) through similarity transformations. Subsequently, they are examined analytically and numerically. The Duan-Rach approach (DRA) has been employed to obtain analytical results. The existing outcomes in particularized situations are compared to outcomes acquired by the Homotopy Analytical Method (HAM) platform and by the numerical procedure (Explicit Runge Kutta Method) for validation. The influences of effective factors such as the ternary hybrid nanofluid, injection/suction variable, porous medium parameter, and shape factors are examined on the rapidity and temperature profiles. Moreover, frictional factor and Nusselt numbers.

Contour Analysis for Heat Transfer Rate in a Wedge Geometry with Non-Uniform Shapes Nanofluid: Gradient Descent Machine Learning Technique

In the present study, the heat transfer and second law analysis of radiator with a new coolant of water-based unique shapes nanoparticles, i.e., cylindrical (CNT), blade (Al2O3), and platelet (graphene) ternary hybrid nanofluid, has been investigated. Effect of non-dimensional parameters, thermal performance along with exergetic analysis (entropy generation, second law efficiency, and irreversibility) on Reynolds number and vol. fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid have been considered. Furthermore, the SEM morphology analysis has been conducted for 1% vol. fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid. Theoretical comparative analysis revealed that the variation in ternary hybrid concentrations and shape of nanoparticles plays an important role for the enhancement in thermal performance. An increment of 22.34% and 6.63% in heat transfer rate and the second law of efficiency, respectively, has been observed for variation in vol. fraction from 1 to 3% at 10 lpm. The irreversibility of the system increases with the Reynolds number of ternary hybrid nanofluid. However, 12.24% and 19.50% increment in irreversibility and entropy generation, respectively, is observed for change in ternary hybrid concentrations from 1 to 3%. Entropy change for air is greater compared to entropy change in the coolants. Furthermore, non-dimensional parameters have a significant effect on Reynolds number. This inspection divulges on the particle shape and vol. concentrations, which have a critical consequence on the accomplishment of ternary hybrid nanofluids in automotive radiators.

Ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) are advanced thermal fluids that consist of three different types of nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid. THNFs offer significant advantages in enhanced heat transfer, stability, and customizable properties. Their ability to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption makes them a valuable option for various industrial and technological applications. The present study addresses the heat transfer performance of magnetohydrodynamic micropolar THNF ( TiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 + Ag / blood ) and hybrid nanofluid (HNF) ( TiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 / blood ) flow by vertically stretching cylinder. THNF fluid is developed by suspending the rigid nanoparticles of titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) , aluminum oxide ( Al 2 O 3 ) , and silver ( Ag ) into blood-based micropolar fluid. Phenomenon of thermal stratification is considered at the boundary of the cylinder. Physical aspects of Darcy Forchheimer, magnetic field, and surface porosity are considered in the momentum equation. Energy transport relation is formulated under the influences of heat source, Lorentz force, and internal friction forces. The dimensional flow model is altered into non-dimensional one by implementing the transformations. Non-dimensional mathematical model representing the physical phenomenon is solved through NDSolve function of Mathematica. Behavior of micropolar THNF and HNF velocity and thermal field versus influential variables are investigated. The results are discussed and compared in relation to HNF and THNF. Additionally, variations in Nusselt number, couple stress, and skin friction factors are examined. Heat transfer performance of THNF and HNF are compared via graphs. A reduction of 4 % in the skin friction coefficient of THNF compared to HNF is noticed. The THNF exhibits a higher average percentage heat transfer rate than HNF through variables curvature, Eckert number, Prandtl number, heat source, and thermal stratification, with values of 146, 135, 142, 139, 138, 150, and 140, respectively.

A localized radial basis function (RBF) meshless method is developed for coupled viscous fluid flow and convective heat transfer problems. The method is based on new localized radial-basis function (RBF) expansions using Hardy Multiquadrics for the sought-after unknowns. An efficient set of formulae are derived to compute the RBF interpolation in terms of vector products thus providing a substantial computational savings over traditional meshless methods. Moreover, the approach developed in this paper is applicable to explicit or implicit time marching schemes as well as steady-state iterative methods. We apply the method to viscous fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling. The incompressible Navier-Stokes are time marched using a Helmholtz potential decomposition for the velocity field. When CHT is considered, the same RBF expansion is used to solve the heat conduction problem in the solid regions enforcing temperature and heat flux continuity of the solid/fluid interfaces. The computation is accelerated by distributing the load over several processors via a domain decomposition along with an interface interpolation tailored to pass information through each of the domain interfaces to ensure conservation of field variables and derivatives. Numerical results are presented for several cases including channel flow, flow in a channel with a square step obstruction, and a jet flow into a square cavity. Results are compared with commercial computational fluid dynamics code predictions. The proposed localized meshless method approach is shown to produce accurate results while requiring a much-reduced effort in problem preparation in comparison to other traditional numerical methods.

In this study, the heat and mass transfer rates in electrically conducting Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flows () were investigated, considering various factors such as variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, chemical reactions, Darcy–Forchheimer flow, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The use of ternary hybrid nanofluids, combining aluminum oxide, copper nanoparticles, and titanium oxide in blood, can significantly improve thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency, making them useful in engineering fields such as heat exchangers, aerospace, renewable energy, and electronic cooling. The study focuses on the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, Soret number, chemical reactions, Darcy–Forchheimer effect, and curvature on the flow of Casson fluid over a stretching cylinder. The partial differential equations governing the system are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity variable and solved using the Sixth‐Order Runge–Kutta (RK6) method in MATLAB, validated against previous studies for accuracy. The analysis includes the impact of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, as well as skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. A higher Casson parameter leads to an increased yield stress, resulting in greater resistance and a reduction in the velocity distribution. Variable thermal conductivity, nonlinear thermal radiation, Eckert number, and nanoparticle volume fraction improve heat transfer. Higher nanoparticle concentrations increase thermal conductivity, leading to improved heat transfer and higher Nusselt numbers.

This study investigates the three-dimensional flow of a Jeffrey ternary hybrid nanofluid over a stretching sheet, incorporating nonlinear thermal radiation, magnetic field, permeable porous medium, chemical reaction, suction parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, joule heating, and time relaxation effects using the Cattaneo-Christov model for heat and mass flux. The energy and concentration equations are analyzed to evaluate the impact of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Ternary hybrid nanofluids, consisting of Cu, Ag, and Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in C2H6O2 are explored for their potential to enhance thermal transport in critical industrial applications such as automotive engines, solar energy systems, aerospace technologies, and electronic cooling systems. By applying a similarity variable, the complex partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations, whose solutions are derived using MATLAB’s bvp4c function. The study provides a detailed comparison of the flow characteristics of mono, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids, focusing on the effects of Joule heating, non-linear thermal radiation, and thermal and mass relaxation times on flow behavior under the influence of a magnetic field. The findings reveal that ternary hybrid nanofluids significantly enhance heat transfer rates compared to both hybrid and conventional nanofluids, with nanoparticle concentrations directly improving thermal conductivity, leading to a higher local Nusselt number. Additionally, the temperature profile and thermal boundary layer thickness increase due to Joule heating, Brownian motion, non-linear radiation, and thermophoresis effects. Notably, the study finds that increasing the stretching ratio, Deborah number, and thermal relaxation time results in a reduction in temperature distribution. This work offers novel quantitative insights into the effects of ternary hybrid nanofluids, highlighting their superior heat transfer capabilities in comparison to mono, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids, providing valuable data for optimizing industrial thermal management systems. The results are validated against existing literature, showing excellent agreement, and comprehensive graphical and tabular data are presented to illustrate the influence of various physical parameters on heat and mass transfer dynamics.

Background This research investigates the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat, and mass transfer of tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluids over a permeable stretching sheet. The study considers three types of nanoparticles—aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), copper (Cu), and titanium oxide (TiO₂)—dispersed in a base fluid of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂). This ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al₂O₃–Cu–TiO₂/C₂H₆O₂) has potential applications in cooling systems, biomedical uses for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia treatments, heat exchangers, and polymer processing techniques like extrusion and casting. Methods The study examines the effects of various parameters, including the Weissenberg number, power law index, nanoparticle volume fraction, viscous dissipation, magnetic field, heat generation, nonlinear thermal radiation, temperature ratio, Joule heating, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, porous permeability, variable thermal conductivity, Eckert number, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction, velocity ratio, Forchheimer number, and unsteady parameters. The governing equations are transformed into similarity equations using appropriate transformations and solved numerically with the MATLAB BVP5C package. The results are validated against data from published articles to ensure reproducibility. Results The findings reveal that an increase in the Weissenberg and Forchheimer numbers reduces the velocity profile, while the temperature distribution increases. The variable thermal conductivity parameter (Γ) leads to a higher temperature profile, indicating improved heat transfer. Higher nanoparticle concentrations in the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids result in enhanced skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Ternary hybrid nanofluids show the most significant improvement in heat transfer and thermal conductivity. Conclusions Ternary hybrid nanofluids significantly enhance heat and mass transfer, showing potential for applications in cooling systems, drug delivery, and polymer processing. The numerical results are consistent with previous research, confirming the reliability and reproducibility of the findings

The space-splitting idea combined with local radial basis function meshless approach to simulate conservation laws equations

An application of latent heat thermal energy storage systems with phase change materials seems to be unavoidable in the present world. The latent heat thermal energy storage systems allow for storing excessive heat during low demand and then releasing it during peak demand. However, a phase change material is only one of the components of a latent heat thermal energy storage system. The second part of the latent heat thermal energy storage is a heat exchanger that allows heat transfer between a heat transfer fluid and a phase change material. Thus, the main aim of this review paper is to present and systematize knowledge about the heat exchangers used in the latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Furthermore, the operating parameters influencing the phase change time of phase change materials in the heat exchangers, and the possibilities of accelerating the phase change are discussed. Based on the literature reviewed, it is found that the phase change time of phase change materials in the heat exchangers can be reduced by changing the geometrical parameters of heat exchangers or by using fins, metal foams, heat pipes, and multiple phase change materials. To decrease the phase change material’s phase change time in the tubular heat exchangers it is recommended to increase the number of tubes keeping the phase change material’s mass constant. In the case of tanks filled with spherical phase change material’s capsules, the capsules’ diameter should be reduced to shorten the phase change time. However, it is found that some changes in the constructions of heat exchangers reduce the melting time of the phase change materials, but they increase the solidification time.

A localized radial basis function (RBF) meshless method is developed for coupled viscous fluid flow and convective heat transfer problems. The method is based on new localized radial-basis function (RBF) expansions using Hardy Multiquadrics for the sought-after unknowns. An efficient set of formulae are derived to compute the RBF interpolation in terms of vector products thus providing a substantial computational savings over traditional meshless methods. Moreover, the approach developed in this paper is applicable to explicit or implicit time marching schemes as well as steady-state iterative methods. We apply the method to viscous fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling. The incompressible Navier–Stokes are time marched using a Helmholtz potential decomposition for the velocity field. When CHT is considered, the same RBF expansion is used to solve the heat conduction problem in the solid regions enforcing temperature and heat flux continuity of the solid/fluid interfaces. The computation is accelerated by distributing the load over several processors via a domain decomposition along with an interface interpolation tailored to pass information through each of the domain interfaces to ensure conservation of field variables and derivatives. Numerical results are presented for several cases including channel flow, flow in a channel with a square step obstruction, and a jet flow into a square cavity. Results are compared with commercial computational fluid dynamics code predictions. The proposed localized meshless method approach is shown to produce accurate results while requiring a much-reduced effort in problem preparation in comparison to other traditional numerical methods.

Chemically reactive MHD convective flow and heat transfer performance of ternary hybrid nanofluid past a curved stretching sheet

In the last few years, modern heat transfer technologies significantly improved to provide more efficient systems in industries. One of those technologies is cooling electronic components in laminar flow using water nanofluids, which is interesting. This research used a ternary hybrid nanofluid with various nanoparticle forms to conduct a numerical investigation of three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow over a heated block exposed to a horizontal flow and an impinging jet. The effects of several variables such as the Reynolds number ratio [Formula: see text], volume fraction of nanoparticles [Formula: see text], length of extended jet hole [Formula: see text], and the influence of the inclination angle of the impinging jet inlet [Formula: see text] on the fluid flow and heat transfer were examined. Using the Ansys-Fluent 14.5 program and under laminar flow conditions, the finite-volume method was applied with the help of the SIMPLE algorithm to solve continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Several characteristics are assessed, including velocity streamline, isotherm contours, Nusselt number contours, the average Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]), the friction factor [Formula: see text], and drop pressure [Formula: see text]. The findings of the current analysis revealed that adding an impinging jet can boost the heat transfer rate up to [Formula: see text] better than a non-impingement jet. Also, a significant enhancement in the heat transfer rate was obtained when growing one of these parameters α, [Formula: see text], and E. Moreover, the ternary hybrid nanofluid with different nanoparticle forms significantly boosts the heat transfer rate compared to the traditional nanofluid. The maximum heat transfer is reached as the velocity of the impinging jet rises. Inclining the angle of the impinging jet inlet with [Formula: see text] toward the channel inlet boosted the rate of heat transfer up to [Formula: see text] compared to the perpendicular impinging jet [Formula: see text]. A strong consensus has been reached with the theoretical and experimental findings found in the literature.

This study delves into the fascinating interplay of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena as a ternary hybrid nanofluid engages with a disk surface. It explores the intricate dance of heat and mass transfer, unravelling how these processes converge under the influence of Fourier heat flux to shape the system's behaviour. The research framework examined a detailed physical model incorporating flow configurations influenced by chemical reactions, an electric field, Joule heating, and radiative heat transfer. Governing the flow dynamics were partial differential equations (PDEs), which served as the foundation for modelling the phenomena. By employing similarity variables, the PDEs were transformed into a simplified system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), facilitating a more efficient analysis. The numerical resolution of these ODEs came to life through the synergy of the Runge-Kutta method and the shooting technique, opening a window into the intricate effects of critical flow parameters. Vivid graphical insights uncovered that as the magnetic parameter increased, the fluid's velocity took a dramatic plunge, a direct consequence of the Lorentz force wielded by the magnetic field. Additionally, enhancements in thermal radiation, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation were shown to markedly improve heat transfer within the system. These findings unravel the complex interplay within hybrid nanofluids, shedding light on how key parameters intricately shape and govern their overall dynamic behaviour.