‘There is a double meaning in that’: Bogan Shakespeare and double-access audiences

Reviewed by: Prospero's "True Preservers": Peter Brook, Yukio Ninagawa, and Giorgio Strehler—Twentieth-Century Directors Approach Shakespeare's The Tempest Marianne Szlyk Prospero's "True Preservers": Peter Brook, Yukio Ninagawa, and Giorgio Strehler—Twentieth-Century Directors Approach Shakespeare's The Tempest. By Arthur Horowitz. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. Pp. 227. $42.50. In What Is World Literature? (2003), David Damrosch argues that "world literature is not an infinite, ungraspable canon of works but rather a mode of circulation and of reading. . . available for . . . established classics and new discoveries alike" (5). A play's "mode of circulation and of reading" must include its performances on contemporary stages as translations or cultural adaptations. Arthur Horowitz observes, however, that "there is still a curious avoidance of 'international Shakespeare' in performance histories of [his] plays"; this has occurred despite some recent exceptions like Christine Dymkowski's Shakespeare in Production: The Tempest (2000), and the continued relevance of the intercultural as a concept within contemporary theatre and theatre studies (20–21, 182). (Another exception, not included in Horowitz' bibliography, is Peter Hulme and William H. Sherman's The Tempest and Its Travels [2000], which juxtaposes accounts of three international performances with essays by literary scholars and historians; this collection's overall emphasis, however, is on the play as text.) In Prospero's "True Preservers," Horowitz remedies this oversight, examining how three internationally prominent directors (Peter Brook, Yukio Ninagawa, [End Page 134] and Giorgio Strehler) have staged Shakespeare's play, often in translation and with actors from non-Western traditions. These stagings examined are Strehler's 1948 Italian-language production in Venice's Boboli Gardens, Brook's 1957 production staged at theaters in London and Stratford-on-Avon, his 1968 experiment intended for performance in Paris but performed in London, Strehler's 1978 return to The Tempest, Ninagawa's 1988 transposition of Prospero into the director of a rehearsal of a Noh play, and Brook's 1990 French-language production that drew on both his earlier experiment and his more recent Mahabharata. The diversity of these six productions reflects what Damrosch calls the "variability of a work of world literature," that is, one's ability to read it in a number of ways and within different contexts (5). Horowitz's context is the twentieth-century theatre as a dynamic, international, and, ultimately, intercultural space. Brook's, Strehler's, and Ninagawa's careers exemplify and are defined by this space, productions which are distinct from not only more historically oriented, Anglo-American productions but also more local cultural adaptations, an overlooked category in this study. Although Horowitz notes that he is not simply appraising the series of six productions and placing them in historical and cultural contexts, these contexts are important, especially as the book's organizing principle, since the productions are examined in chronological order. This organization results in some overlap and repetition when a director returns to The Tempest, as both Brook and Strehler do. Organizing around directors might have been just as effective, if not more so, since Horowitz' "[focus is] upon the stage director as [both] the controlling agent within the creative process" and "Prospero's surrogate within the theatrical exchange" (11–12). Horowitz asks whether Shakespeare's text forces the director into the latter role, and explores the performance history of the play to determine how it was performed before the stage director's role achieved its twentieth-century eminence. By focusing on this role rather than only on Shakespeare's text, Horowitz is able to address not only performance and mise-en-scene but also issues raised by The Tempest's translation into Italian, Japanese, and French and its circulation from Jacobean England to other, modern cultures. This last set of issues is especially pertinent to Ninagawa's production: Charles and Mary Lamb's prose retellings of Shakespeare's plays for children initially mediated Japanese audiences' understanding, particularly since the Lambs' narrative drastically reduced Caliban's part (115–116). The emphasis in Prospero's "True Preservers" is thus on productions of The Tempest as they have been conceived and carried out by renowned, authoritative directors during the mid- and late twentieth-century (1948–1990) on stages throughout the...

LANGUAGE STRATEGIES FOR BILINGUAL FAMILIES: THE ONE-PARENT–ONE-LANGUAGE APPROACH. Suzanne Barron-Hauwaert. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2004. Pp. 248. $79.95 cloth, $29.95 paper. How do families who are trying to raise their children bilingually attempt to do so, and how do they overcome some of the challenges of this decision? This is the main theme of this very readable book, which is written with a variety of audiences in mind. The book is theoretically sound even though it is not primarily addressed to the research community. The author, who has had personal experience raising children bilingually, also documents the experiences of many other families involved in this endeavor, using direct quotes from interviews and small case studies of these families as documentation for the theoretical assertions.

This book explores the socioeconomic implications of the prosperity gospel in the lives of Pentecostal/charismatic Christians. The volume offers a robust picture of prosperity teachings, which are sometimes called the “health and wealth” gospel. The authors provide thick descriptions of prosperity theologies and their functions within local communities around the globe—for example, in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Pentecostalism and Prosperity is geared toward a wide readership. The contributors employ a variety of methodological approaches including theology, ethics, history, and the social sciences. The in-depth case studies will benefit specialists in global Christianity as well as sociologists, anthropologists, economists, and others interested in the intersection of religion and economic life. With a diverse audience in mind, I begin with a brief overview defining terms and providing background on Pentecostal Christianity and prosperity messages. I then introduce each chapter and highlight three overarching themes.

Written with a diverse audience in mind, this book describes the current status, development, and future prospects for the critical technology of second-generation biorefineries, specifically with a focus on lignocellulosic materials as feedstock. It provides an overview of the issues behind this technological transition, and it provides, in depth,

SummaryThe goal of this lecture is to provide aquatic scientists and interested laymen with an overview of the potential, methods and exemplary analyses of DNA preserved in lake sediments. This area is an emerging field, as new techniques are opening up avenues for novel studies of the sediment record. Numerous papers in this field have recently been published in Science, PNAS and PLoS ONE. Like many new fields, there are challenges as well as exciting lines of future inquiry, which we dedicate part of the lecture towards.This lecture starts by providing a brief introduction to paleolimnology, with an emphasis on how DNA studies can expand this field. We then provide information on the ways in which DNA can be archived in sediments & how analyses can differ, depending on the question and target. Examples of the common genetic markers used and how DNA may be sequenced are also highlighted in the methods section. In the second portion of the lecture, we focus on the applications of sedimentary DNA: 1) to the study of particular phytoplankton group dynamics; 2) to the analysis of zooplankton DNA preserved in resting eggs; and, 3) to uncover community‐wide changes in plankton. Finally, we close the lecture with a discussion on challenges and future directions in the field. Advances in the development and calibration of different extraction techniques, as well as further enhancement of genetic libraries and bioinformatics pipelines, are all areas ripe for new research.This lecture has been prepared with a diverse audience in mind. For example, undergraduate or graduate courses that could be interested in our material include Aquatic Ecology, Limnology, Oceanography, Microbial Ecology, Environmental Genomics and Paleoecology. This lecture could also serve as a useful introduction to non‐specialist audiences that are interested in the potential of the DNA archive preserved in lake sediments (including funding agencies).

This is the first volume in an annual series that presents articles concerning the social and intellectual history of the geophysical sciences, broadly defined. It is a collection of materials that originally appeared in the journals of AGU, selected from issues published during the past 15 years. An objective of the series is to interest a wide and diverse audience, including professional geophysicists and AGU members, students of the geosciences, historians, and those concerned with public or policy aspects of the sciences. The volume is offered at a very reasonable price with these audiences in mind.

As a book reviewer, I am penning down my thoughts restlessly on the book, Writing Philosophical Autoethnography, with a diverse audience in mind, encompassing readers, writers, and researchers of all levels from various disciplines in the social sciences and education. This groundbreaking work, edited by Alec Grant and published by Routledge, masterfully blends philosophy and autoethnography (Grant, 2023). The book distinguishes itself through its philosophical depth, with each chapter demonstrating a profound engagement with philosophical debates and theories rooted in Western philosophical traditions. This approach sets it apart from other autoethnographic works where philosophical concepts often appear to be secondary. However, the strong focus on philosophy might render the content somewhat challenging for readers who are not well-versed in philosophical theories. Despite this, the book is an indispensable resource for autoethnographers, offering practical examples of how to weave philosophy into their writing. Overall, this book expands the horizons of autoethnographic research and encourages researchers to delve deeper into the philosophical aspects of their autoethnographic work.

Background Stakeholder engagement in knowledge mobilization (KMb) activities can bridge the knowledge to action gap within children’s pain but may be influenced by how well stakeholder needs and barriers to evidence-based resources are addressed. The needs of different Canadian stakeholder groups related to children’s pain have not been examined, limiting the degree to which KMb efforts can be tailored to each group. Aims The study aim was to identify shared and unique needs, barriers, and accessibility of evidence for children’s pain across three stakeholder groups: knowledge users (i.e., health professionals, administrators, policy makers, educators), researchers (including trainees), and patients, caregivers, family members. Methods This study was comprised of an online needs assessment survey. Analyses included descriptive statistics, one-way analyses of variances, and chi-square tests to examine differences between stakeholder groups. Open-ended responses were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results A total of 711 stakeholders completed the survey. Educational materials were the most utilized evidence-based resources among all stakeholders. Researchers and patients/caregivers/family members found resources significantly less accessible than knowledge users (p = .008). Knowledge of evidence was the primary barrier across all stakeholder groups (69.2%, n = 492), however each group reported a need for stakeholder-specific resources. Finally, stakeholders desired opportunities to engage in the KMb process through partnerships and an increased awareness of children’s pain. Conclusions While stakeholders experience common barriers to evidence-based resources for children’s pain, their needs to address these barriers are diverse. Evidence-based resources should be tailored for stakeholders’ contexts, with diverse audiences in mind.

New England TalesRevisiting a Region's Past in Unfamiliar Places Eric J. Morser (bio) Jonathan Mayhew and the Principles of the American Revolution j. patrick mullins University Press of Kansas, 2017 255 pp. American Intelligence: Small-Town News and Political Culture in Federalist New Hampshire ben p. lafferty University of Massachusetts Press, 2020 269 pp. Forgotten Voices: The Hidden History of a New England Meetinghouse carolyn wakeman Wesleyan University Press, 2019 288 pp. More than a generation ago, the historian Jack P. Greene published an article on the state of colonial New England history. Greene provided a kaleidoscopic survey of the field and noted an interesting trend: although his colleagues continued to focus on such familiar topics as puritanism and the religious character of the region, their work had taken a social turn (143). Rather than focus solely on familiar civic and religious leaders like John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards or the overarching influence of the Puritan mindset on New England, historians were now asking questions about what drove settlers to migrate to a strange new world, how they worked the land and made a living, and the choices they made that shaped the region and its early history. What, in other words, made them tick. The result of this new emphasis on the social worlds of colonial New [End Page 247] Englanders was a fresh flow of scholarship that explored a wide range of historical issues from the region's shifting demographics to its commercialization to the rise of new towns and cities. Greene did not address every relevant topic. He said little, for example, about slavery in colonial New England or the presence of American Indians in the region. The implication seemed to be, however, that historians were increasingly interested in mining the New England terrain for new voices, for people whose stories were not always shared by professional scholars. In the more than three decades since Greene penned his piece, interest in these untold or unconsidered New England tales has continued to thrive. In just the past few years, in fact, a host of creative scholars have revisited New England's history and crafted intriguing narratives that force us constantly to reconsider its past. Some have included the voices of previously overlooked New Englanders. Wendy Warren, for example, has situated slavery at the heart of the colonial New England past in ways both revealing and unsettling. Others have set American Indians at the center of the region's story. David J. Silverman has rewritten the history of Plymouth with the Wampanoag Indians as lead characters, while Jean M. O'Brien has investigated how New Englanders consciously removed Indians from their local histories in an effort to justify their claims to indigenous lands. Some have taken signature New England events like the Salem witch trials and cast them in entirely new light. Emerson Baker, for instance, has expanded beyond Massachusetts and located the witch trials in a larger imperial context. Picking up this transatlantic thread, Margaret Ellen Newell has highlighted the heartrending saga of Indian bondage and linked colonial New England to the slave economies of the Caribbean. These are just a few examples of how historians are uncovering fresh early New England tales and challenging us to rethink some of our basic assumptions about the region and its peoples. Apparently, even the most thoroughly trodden places still have alluring secrets to share. The three books under review are very different from each other. They focus on people in a variety of New England places and times. They deploy distinct methodologies and have diverse audiences in mind. Ultimately, though, what each of these books shares in common is a healthy willingness to take up the call of recent historians and demonstrate how looking beyond a familiar set of names and listening for overlooked voices can help us understand New England's past in exciting new ways. In Father [End Page 248] of Liberty: Jonathan Mayhew and the Principles of the American Revolution, historian J. Patrick Mullins, for example, reveals the enticing story of a Congregational minister whose fiery sermons and pamphlets antagonized British officials and inspired soon-to-be Boston patriots like John Adams and Paul Revere...

Recommendations are given in relation to infectious diseases in rescue shelters. The ABCD recognises that there is a wide variation in the design and management of shelters, and that these largely reflect local pressures. These guidelines are written with this diverse audience in mind; they point to the ideal, and also provide for some level of compromise where this ideal cannot immediately be attained. In addition consideration should be given to general requirements in order to optimise overall health and wellbeing of cats within the shelter. HOUSING: Compartmentalisation of the shelter into at least three individual sections (quarantine area for incoming cats, isolation facilities for sick or potentially infectious cats, and accommodation for clinically healthy, retrovirus-negative cats) can facilitate containment of a disease outbreak, should it occur. STANDARD OF CARE: Incoming cats should receive a full health check by a veterinary surgeon, should be dewormed and tested for retrovirus infections (feline leukaemia virus [FeLV] and/or feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV]) in regions with high prevalence and in shelters that allow contact between cats. Cats which are not rehomed should receive a regular veterinary check-up at intervals recommended by their veterinarian. Each cat should be vaccinated as soon as possible against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV) infections. HYGIENE: Adequate hygiene conditions should ensure that contact between shedders of infectious agents and susceptible animals is reduced as efficiently as possible by movement control, hygiene procedures of care workers, barrier nursing, cleaning and disinfection. STRESS REDUCTION: Stress reduction is important for overall health and for minimising the risk of recrudescence and exacerbation of infectious diseases. In general, a special effort should be made to rehome cats as soon as possible.

In the finding and using of research results, the enquirer is always well advised to have an overview of the audience for and intention of, a document before becoming immersed in as contents. This for “Making Library Research Results Pay”. We have a varied audience in mind. Firstly, we are concerned to meet the needs of the person beginning research work, secondly, to help those involved in development and application work, and thirdly, to assist those professionally involved in the dissemination of research results.

The New Edith Wharton Studies

Reviewed by: The Touch of the Real: Essays in Early Modern Culture in Honour of Stephen Greenblatt Craig Allan Horton Kelly, Philippa , ed., The Touch of the Real: Essays in Early Modern Culture in Honour of Stephen Greenblatt, Crawley, WA, University of Western Australia Press, 2002; paper; pp. xvii, 264; 10 b/w illustrations; RRP AUD$38.95; ISBN 1876268727. This collection of essays has a distinctly local flavour with all eleven contributors (apart from Greenblatt himself) being Australian-based. The Introduction begins with an account of the largely acrimonious response to Barry Kosky's 1998 production of King Lear and moves immediately into detailing the Touch of the Real: Communing with the Living and the Dead symposium at Canberra's Humanities Research Centre from which this volume of essays emerged. The casting of these two concurrent events against what Kelly calls 'the intensely ambivalent relationship that contemporary Australians have with Shakespeare' (p. ix) may lead the reader to expect a rehash of familiar 'colonial' perspectives on Shakespeare. Yet, the subject matter here is broader and more rewarding, focussing on a multiplicity of early modern writers and always conversant with the ideas of Stephen Greenblatt. The collection seeks to cover three broad areas of early modern cultural studies – canon formation, the complexity of identity and the opening of new worlds. The opening essay by Greenblatt is a proper example of new historicist theory, reading Shakespeare via Austen's Mansfield Park as a springboard to discuss the more general status of Shakespeare's canon as England's 'substitute' constitution. The point here is the waning centrality of canonical English works in the more general appellation of English Literature which, in universities, are 'now being taught alongside a range of new figures, Salman Rushdie for example, or Wole Soyinka, Toni Morrison, or Derek Walcott' (p. 7). The message here seems to be that literary history is less about establishing a narrative of continuity and organicism, conveyed through a few select works, but about moments of unforeseeable rupture and shift, as reflected in the constant change of the English language itself. [End Page 246] Still the question remains, why is a book of historicist essays on early modern culture so narrowly focused on Shakespeare? Peter Holbrook supplies an interesting and mostly satisfying answer in his essay 'Shakespeare at the birth of Historicism'. Dating the birth of modern historicism to eighteenth-century Germany, and particularly to the work of Herder, Holbrook identifies the concurrent appropriation of Shakespeare by German Romantics as an affront to the neo-classicism of Napoleonic French cultural imperialism. In short, Holbrook wants to show that the connection between historicism and Shakespeare is more than accidental. It derives from the appropriation of Shakespeare as a medium through which to express the virtues of historicist readings, as well as the fact that there is 'something genuinely historicist in Shakespeare's texts' (p. 27). Lee Scott Taylor's essay deals with another vital area of historicist study – appropriation and representation of Shakespeare on film. The essay is interesting in showing how we can discuss Shakespeare in a way that bypasses stage performance almost entirely in order to consider the internal conflict between the aesthetics of history and actual history. The contentious representation of Richard III in Shakespeare's play represents a reliable starting point for such discussions, and works particularly well here in relation to the 1995 film starring Ian McKellen as its aesthetic is a complex mix of Mosley's fascist movement in Britain and Nazism. Taylor is essentially arguing that history and aestheticism are not necessarily separate phenomena, but intertwined and Shakespeare's Richard III is a wonderful example, especially when transferred to film. Taylor reminds us that the plays are actively involved in 'making history', rather than simply reporting it. Part One of the collection is rounded off with essays by Ron Bedford on the uses of irony in Milton and Bob White's study of 'Humanisms Old and New'. Bedford's essay points to a theoretical impasse for historicism, when dealing with abstract principles such as irony – in short the history and 'ownership' of irony at the point of usage, both of which are layered, continually obscured and indistinct...

Original Shakespeare texts can be difficult to teach to the current generation of students in secondary and tertiary education. Although the universal themes in Shakespeare still resonate with young audiences of today, the antiquated language complicates access. A possible way forward is to design engaging texts to reinvigorate traditional curriculum with multimodal forms of mediation that increase the accessibility of the Bard’s classical canon. Therefore, the authors are investigating a model to adapt the Bard’s texts for fully immersive digital media: ShakesVR “mashes up” three major Shakespeare texts—Macbeth, The Tempest and A Midsummer Night’s Dream—for an animated virtual reality (VR) experience. This experience allows the user to discover three different story-worlds on their own. While the animated adaptation needs to employ abridged and altered versions of the plays, it uses only unaltered Shakespeare dialogue. Its lyrical beauty remains intact, yet becomes more accessible to contemporary audiences through its modern mode of delivery. The adaptation for VR posed the challenge to direct the user’s attention towards the story, requiring inventive approaches in storytelling, design and animation. The design process was used to iteratively test the efficacy of style and suitability for the requirements in visual storytelling. Designs were developed according to the script, evaluated and redeveloped in response to feedback from the directors. In summary, the authors will offer insight into their creative design process and propose a designerly approach to Shakespeare education.KeywordsVirtual reality (VR)AdaptationAnimationShakespeare Education

Expressions of Alamelu, is an interactive multimedia performance introducing non-Indian audiences to Kuchipudi, a classical Indian dance form. Through the use of generative AI imagery and multimedia elements, we aimed to create an engaging, curiosity-sparking experience that deepens appreciation for this traditional art form. The aim of this project was to develop a culturally informed performance that employed innovative storytelling techniques. Data collected through surveys and interviews indicated that audiences placed high value on sensory engagement, educational components, and clarity of narrative. However, the findings also highlighted a major barrier: many participants experienced difficulties in understanding the performance due to insufficient familiarity with its cultural context. Surveys and interviews conducted with cultural enthusiasts revealed a preference for sensory engagement, education, and storytelling, while identifying existing engagement obstacles, such as lack of context and understanding. Concerns regarding the overshadowing of technology were also noted. To address these challenges, several design solutions were integrated: • Projection Mapping: Utilizing projection mapping, we overlaid cultural information on various items typically found in Indian altars. Enabling audiences to gain insights into the symbolic significance of each item. • Narration and Visual Guides: Upon entry into the exhibition space, storytelling slides and narration guide pamphlets complemented the performance to ensure accessibility without diluting authenticity. • Generative AI: Leveraging the most recent advancements in machine learning, we developed an interactive image generation model that translates dancers’ movements into real-time visual representations of song lyrics. This approach provides a form of visual captioning that clarifies how the dancers’ motions symbolically illustrate the song’s content. Utilizing the British Design Council’s double diamond framework to define the problem, conduct user research, prototype solutions, and implement the final performance exhibition. The interdisciplinary team combined expertise in exhibition design, emerging digital technologies, and cultural heritage to create a human-centered, immersive exhibition experience that was open to the public. The project culminated in a one-day exhibition with three performances. With over 70 participants in attendance, the post-event survey revealed overwhelmingly positive responses: Sensory engagement and cultural understanding were highly rated, with many attendees praising the seamless blending of tradition and technology; Generative AI imagery was widely appreciated, especially for its ability to provide context while maintaining the integrity of the dance ; Suggestions included making the experience more immersive with additional visuals and interactive behind-the-scenes elements showcasing AI processes. Attendees described the event as unique, visually stunning, and culturally enriching. Key takeaways included the importance of balancing innovation with tradition and the potential of multimedia elements to make cultural performances accessible to broader audiences.This project demonstrates how technology can enhance cultural storytelling without overshadowing its essence, fostering a deeper appreciation of heritage among diverse audiences. It also highlights the value of interdisciplinary collaboration and human-centered design in crafting memorable experiences.Sources: American Alliance of Museums. “Learning from the Double Diamond: How Divergent and Convergent Thinking Can Improve Collaboration and Problem-Solving in Museums.” American Alliance of Museums, 5 Apr. 2024, www.aam-us.org/2024/04/05/learning-from-the-double-diamond-how-divergent-and-convergent-thinking-can-improve-collaboration-and-problem-solving-in-museums/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024, Dholia, Esha. “(Cultural) Identity Crisis: The Internet & The Indian Diaspora.” American University Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2024, https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/2594. Accessed 15 May 2024, Derda, Izabela, and Zoi Popoli. “Developing Experiences: Creative Process behind the Design and Production of Immersive Exhibitions.” Museum Management and Curatorship, vol. 36, no. 4, 2021, pp. 384-402, Design Council. “The Double Diamond.” Design Council, www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-resources/the-double-diamond/. Accessed 1 May 2024, Google AI Edge. “Mediapipe.” GitHub, 2023, https://github.com/google-ai-edge/mediapipe, Madsen, Kristina Maria, and Mia Falch Yates. Stability AI. “sd-turbo: Next-Generation Generative AI Model.” Hugging Face, 2023, https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/sd-turbo.cumulo-autumn. “StreamDiffusion.” GitHub, 2023, https://github.com/cumulo-autumn/StreamDiffusion.