Theoretical and Critical Perspectives on Resilience

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue, which explores the concept and significance of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship internationally.Design/methodology/approach – This introductory article examines the literature that exists to date and presents an outline of some of the fundamental issues and the challenging tensions within the conceptualisation of social enterprise. The article concludes with a discussion of critical future research needs.Findings – The findings suggest that a critical perspective is required in order to add originality and value to this developing area of research.Originality/value – The papers presented raise some interesting issues about current conceptualisations of social enterprise and entrepreneurship, challenging tensions from critical, theoretical and empirical perspectives. The Special Issue seeks to expand the debate in social enterprise and bring to the fore some critical perspective in order to highlight alternative views which...

The Critical Theoretical Perspectives and the Health Care System Daisy Michelle Princeton Abstract Background of the study: The goal of healthcare system is to achieve a well-organized, safe and holistic patient care. However, the existing healthcare system of today remains fragmented and complex (St. Meld. Nr.47, 2008-2009). Hence, it is still unable to meet the patients´ complete integrated health care needs; and at the same time patients often experience extraneous disappointments due to unnecessary delays, disputes and complications (St. Meld. Nr.47, 2008-2009). Aim: The aim of this literature study is to show how critical theoretical perspectives influence the healthcare system through professional practitioners, institutional strategies and research methodology and/or policy; in order to meet the complete needs of the patients and guarantee health care services of quality and safety. Result: Health care is a set of complex phenomena that involves a vast of objective theoretical and scientific knowledge; professional's subjective ability to properly apply such knowledge; and a system of interaction that can ensure a well-coordinated, sufficient, efficient and safe health care service. There are three emerging levels of developing culture in health care that are addressing the health care needs of human beings today: 1 Professional level (provision of critical health care through professional´s subjective synthesis of knowledge; 2 Institutional level (provision of critical institutional multidisciplinary health care through facilitated socially construed team coordination); 3 Academic level (provision of critical academic health care through interdisciplinary research generating objective knowledge with ideological policies and approach). Conclusion: Critical theory embraces the scientific traditions that advocate proper objectivity and subjectivity in a manner that social construction of health care becomes more appropriate, effective, and complete. Critical perspectives in health care transform the system into an integrative multidisciplinary model that provide a more thorough patient care, which brings about emancipating social changes at the three levels of health care system. Critical competencies facilitate holistic-oriented, trustworthy and safeguarding individual professional independent practice, regulatory institutions and ideological academy. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/rah.v4n1a9

In 1987 the Pearce Committee, established by the Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission (CTEC) to examine legal education in Australia’s then twelve law schools, made the following suggestion (“Suggestion 1”): That all law schools examine the adequacy of their attention to theoretical and critical perspectives, including the study of law in operation and the study of the relations between law and other social forces. This article considers to what extent feminist theoretical and critical perspectives have been incorporated into law school curricula, given the substantial period which has passed since the Committee’s suggestion was made. This is partly in response to the consistent expressions of disquiet from feminists who argue that, stemming from an androcentric perspective of life and law, legal education delivers inaccurate messages about women and is gender-biased. I have limited this study to a consideration of the curriculum of the first year introductory subject taught in Australian law schools. An examination of this subject is important as it is the commencement of an individual’s socialisation as a law student and a future practitioner of the law. In this article, I have identified and considered, from a feminist perspective, the treatment of the legal rules and doctrines normally taught in introductory courses and also considered what may be absent from the course contents. From my analysis, it is apparent that there has been a strong movement toward the incorporation of feminist (and other) theoretical and critical perspectives in the introductory courses. However, there is still a significant number of courses that approach the subject-matter uncritically with very little or no feminist content. I argue, in this article, that a law course that uncritically presents legal doctrines risks adopting and perpetuating the unstated point-of-view of a particular cultural group in our society. I discuss the constitution of this cultural group and conclude, as have others, that it is largely comprised of affluent, educated Anglo-Celtic males. I argue that legal education should be openly self-conscious of the culturally-specific point-of-view of the law, and should recognise and address its own partiality.

This research note presents an overview of how and why social researchers influenced by critical perspectives are using fiction as a means of producing and disseminating research. Over the past two decades fiction has increasingly been used by social researchers as a means of building critical consciousness, unsettling stereotypes, accessing hard-to-get-at dimensions of human experience and extending public scholarship. This research note reviews how fiction has grown as a research practice within the context of the growing interdisciplinary field of arts-based research practices. The piece ends with examples of academic novels and a play written from queer, feminist, and critical race theoretical perspectives.

Network Science, A Decade Later--the result of NSF-funded research that looked at the experiences of a set of science projects which use the Internet--offers an understanding of how the Internet can be used effectively by science teachers and students to support inquiry-based teaching and learning. The book emphasizes theoretical and critical perspectives and is intended to raise questions about the goals of education and the ways that technology helps reach those goals and ways that it cannot. The theoretical perspective of inquiry-based teaching and learning in which the book is grounded is consistent with the current discipline-based curriculum standards and frameworks. The chapters in Part I, "State of the Art," describe the history and current practice of network science. Those in Part II, "Looking Deeply," extend the inquiry into network science by examining discourse and data in depth, using both empirical data and theoretical perspectives. In Part III, "Looking Forward," the authors step back from the issues of network science to take a broader view, focusing on the question: How should the Internet be used--and not used--to support student learning? The book concludes with a reminder that technology will not replace teachers. Rather, the power of new technologies to give students both an overwhelming access to resources--experts, peers, teachers, texts, images, and data--and the opportunity to pursue questions of their own design, increases the need for highly skilled teachers and forward-looking administrators. This is a book for them, and for all educators, policymakers, students involved in science and technology education. For more information about the authors, an archived discussions space, a few chapters that can be downloaded as PDF files, and ordering information, visit teaparty.terc.edu/book/

Critical Perspectives in Food Studies. Edited by M. Koc, J. Sumner, & A. Winson. Don Mills, ON: Oxford, 2012. 402 pp. ISBN 97801905446418For students of agro-food systems, Critical Perspectives in Food Studies is the kind of book that will spend little time collecting dust on the bookshelf. This reader, intentionally designed to serve as a "formal text to represent the depth and breadth" (Koc et al., 2012, p. x) of Food Studies, will more likely be found in use, open, pages marked, highlighted and interspersed with small crumbs of food. This invaluable 400-page book features wellwritten, well-researched chapters penned by leading figures in the Canadian Food Studies field. This volume is a credit to the depth and diversity of the Canadian Association of Food Studies (CAFS) in which it was incubated, to its editors, contributors, and to all the institutions, organizations, and individuals that drive the food movement in Canada, from field to table.The Food Studies movement is progressively interdisciplinary and this text demonstrates the value of bringing multiple perspectives to bear on a complex problem through critical inquiry. Contemporary Food Studies is giving rise to community engaged scholarship from its critical pedagogy, creating a new breed of activism amongst scholars and students in this field. Action research and community-university alliances are becoming commonplace as many of the chapters in this volume attest, offering a welcome dose of collaborative inspiration within the sea of silo'd academia. Ultimately, however, it is the "Emancipatory Question" (Constance, 2008) what many feel to be the leading edge in Food Studies scholarship that is at the core of this text, and the focus on interdisciplinary and organizational forms bringing social value that will be of particular interest to those interested in the Social Economy.Smartly spliced into five parts, plus an introduction and conclusion, the 22 chapters of Critical Perspectives in Food Studies bring readers through a logical progression from the what, to the why, to the how of Food Studies. Through the Introduction and Chapter 1, co-editors Mustafa Koc et al. situate the emergence of Food Studies' interdisciplinarity and mixed-methods as primarily a great strength, but note that this leaves the field open to boundary, methodology, and overall clarity issues which will need to be resolved through collective engagement at the intersections within the broader Food Systems framework.The remainder of Parts One and Two, including works by prominent scholars such as Freidmann, Albritton, and Cooke, showcase the diversity of analytical perspectives in Food Studies as well as the multiple levels of inquiry in scope and scale. What begins to come through in this work is the magnitude of the Food System's impacts on our socio-ecological systems. From systems of production and distribution, to evolving cultures of consumption, and linkages to health, art, education, gender, social justice, and environment, the prominence and prevalence of food as a lens through which to critically situate oneself within society and environment, becomes clearer.Parts Three and Four of the text offer further proof of the abundant analytical fodder for Food scholars across our troubled Food System. From the "Farm Crisis" (Wiebe) to the "Crisis in the Fishery" (Sundar), to the root causes of the diet-related health epidemic at the grocery counter (Winson), among Aboriginal peoples (Martin), and food bank users (Suschnigg), critical analyses by leading Canadian scholars offer stark assessments of the challenges in reforming the Food System. Food pricing, food labelling, and food governance are also covered herein, using a combination of theoretical analysis and case study perspectives to bring clarity to each of these critical debates. …

Dans une perspective de promotion de la santé, qui vise à donner aux personnes la maîtrise de leur propre santé, la proposition théorique et méthodologique que nous présentons s’intéresse à comprendre comment les inégalités sociales basées sur le genre, l’ethnicité, le statut socioéconomique, etc. conditionnent la capacité des jeunes d’agir pour leur santé. Nous focalisant sur les jeunes (18-24 ans), nous mobilisons la notion de « capacités » d’Amartya Sen (1993) pour concevoir le rôle actif des individus par rapport à leur santé, ainsi qu’une approche intersectionnelle qui, au lieu d’analyser les inégalités sociales de façon isolée, met l’accent sur l’imbrication de celles-ci afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui les produisent. Nos objectifs sont (a) cerner les différentes formes de capacité d’agir qu’on les jeunes pour leur santé prend et à (b) analyser comment cette capacité est conditionnée par les inégalités sociales afin d’ (c) identifier des pistes d’action pour améliorer l’ empowerment des jeunes. Notre démarche méthodologique s’appuie sur deux volets. Un premier volet, à visée exploratoire, utilisera la méthode d’analyse en groupe afin de réaliser un diagnostic de ressources et de contraintes des jeunes pour agir pour leur santé, ainsi que d’identifier les catégories sociales les plus pertinentes pour l’analyse intersectionnelle. Sur cette base, le deuxième volet, basé sur la technique des récits de vie, a pour objectif de saisir l’interaction des inégalités sociales telle qu’elle est vécue par les jeunes et d’analyser comment cette interaction façonne leur capacité d’agir de façon favorable à leur santé. Ainsi, nous décrivons une démarche méthodologique pour l’étude de la capacité d’agir pour la santé afin de proposer une nouvelle grille de lecture, empiriquement fondée, pour la conceptualisation des programmes en promotion de la santé.

Global ocean governance is the concretization of global governance. Various interest groups interact with and coordinate ocean issues. Global ocean governance is inevitably linked to the new global governance landscape. In recent years, a series of new scenarios in global governance have emerged. These situations have further shaped the plurality of participants and the diversity of mechanisms in global ocean governance. Science and technology innovation and application are prerequisites and prime movers for the evolution of global ocean governance. Major worldwide crises, represented by global climate change and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, have added great uncertainty to the future development of global ocean governance. The divergence of interests and positions between emerging countries and developed countries, as well as the reshaping of the global geopolitical landscape in recent years, has led to the stagnation or deadlock of a series of international negotiations and international cooperation platforms related to global ocean governance. With the deepening of global governance, non-state actors are not only objects of ocean governance but also bearers of legal obligations and enjoy varying degrees of legal rights, participating in agenda setting, rule construction, and monitoring implementation at different levels of ocean governance. From a critical jurisprudence perspective, in the practice of global ocean governance, the relationship between non-governmental organizations, states, and international organizations is more likely to be one of reconciliation than the “state–civil society” dichotomy of moral imagination. This new set of circumstances exposes the divisive and fragmented nature of global ocean governance. This study concludes that the new situation of global ocean governance constitutes a historic opportunity for countries to reexamine the role of the rule of law during the Anthropocene to bridge the fragmentation and gaps in mechanisms and achieve a truly integrated, holistic, and closely nested global ocean governance. The question of how to implement the rule of law requires the introduction of theoretical perspectives such as the Anthropocene, complex systems theory, and the community of a shared future for humanity to undertake a fundamental critical reflection and rethinking of global ocean governance.

Throughout their history, symbolic interactionism and critical perspective have been viewed as divergent theoretical perspectives with different philosophical underpinnings. A review of their historical and philosophical origins reveals both points of divergence and areas of convergence. Their underlying philosophies of science and views of human freedom are different as is their level of focus with symbolic interactionism having a micro perspective and critical perspective using a macro perspective. This micro/macro difference is reflected in the divergence of their major concepts, goals and basic tenets. While their underlying philosophies are different, however, they are not necessarily contradictory and areas of convergence may include the concepts of reference groups and looking glass self within symbolic interactionism and ideological hegemony within critical perspective. By using a pragmatic approach and combining symbolic interactionism and critical perspectives, both micro and macro levels come into focus and strategies for change across individual and societal levels can be developed and applied. Application of both symbolic interactionism and critical perspective to nursing research and scholarship offers exciting new opportunities for theory development and research methodologies. In nursing education, these two perspectives can give students added insight into patients' and families' problems at the micro level while, at the same time, giving them a lens to see and tools to apply to problems at the macro level in health care. In nursing practice, a combined symbolic interactionism/critical perspective approach assists nurses to give high-quality care at the individual level while also working at the macro level to address the manufacturers of illness. New research questions emerge from this combination of perspectives with new possibilities for theory development, a transformation in nursing education, and the potential for new practice strategies that can address individual client and larger system problems through empowerment of clients and nurses.

Aiming to identify the mechanisms generating positive clinical supervision outcomes in child protection, this narrative review provides an in-depth analysis of the theories underpinning clinical supervision in the latest child protection literature. The conceptual analysis of 28 peer-reviewed journal articles highlighted the presence of the psychodynamic, managerialist, critical, behavioral, systemic, humanistic, and eclectic theoretical perspectives. Implicit theoretical eclecticism permeated most of the publications examined. This eclecticism resulted in confusing child protection practices as different theories require different practice techniques and result in different practice outcomes. The study found that half of the publications exclusively adopted the critical and managerialist theoretical perspectives that undervalue the impact of internal factors in the behaviors of families and practitioners. Despite the fact that all the publications acknowledged the centrality of emotions in supervision, only the psychodynamic theoretical perspective elaborated on the precise process through which emotions are conceptualized in clinical supervision. Because most of the publications neither identified the operationalization process nor evaluated any clinical supervision outcomes, questions arise about the theoretical robustness and essentially the effectiveness of child protection practice itself. Therefore, a need emerges for case studies to explore the process through which theory-bound clinical supervision practices generate effective child protection outcomes.

Blue carbon refers to carbon stored or sequestered in marine and coastal ecosystems including mangrove forests, tidal salt marshes and seagrass meadows, as well as coral reefs and oceanic carbon sinks in the form of marine algae. These habitats provide important ecosystem services (spawning habitat, defence against storms, nutrient cycling, pollination) and economic resources (livelihoods, and provision of food, materials and medicines) yet are largely unregarded in international climate change mitigation and adaptation frameworks. While there is considerable enthusiasm in the scientific and policy communities over the potential of blue carbon finance to support sustainability initiatives and local development, efforts to enact blue carbon project activities are severely constrained by a range of economic and social factors. Advocates of blue carbon consistently fail to understand the importance of blue carbon as an economic commodity, focusing largely on scientific uncertainty and governance issues. In order to integrate blue carbon offset activities into global policy mechanisms, scientific methods are required to quantify the carbon storage and sequestration benefits of blue ecosystems. To facilitate the participation of communities in blue carbon project activities, critical and theoretical social science perspectives are needed to understand the constraints, opportunities, and drivers of engagement. Securing necessary financial resources and market engagement requires recognition of investment priorities and commercial imperatives. This study therefore requires the application of a transdisciplinary framework to explore the multi-dimensional nature of the emerging local-international carbon value network. Integrating a number of journal articles as key chapters, the thesis first considers the broad political economy of carbon in global markets, and then investigates the blue carbon value chain (or network) as a case study. This value network extends from ‘producers’ to ‘end users’, and the thesis examines the roles of actors and stakeholders using the tools and theoretical perspectives of institutional and ecological economics, political ecology, systems dynamics, and development studies. Understanding the institutional systems in which ecosystem-based carbon offsets operate, and the motivations of and constraints on the actors in those systems, will help to identify policy interventions and reforms that will facilitate the development and implementation of blue carbon activities. The complex challenges of the 21st Century imply that transition to a resilient and sustainable global society will require new understandings of wealth and economic value, and new approaches to environmental governance. Blue carbon can be considered a ‘proxy’ for a range of outcomes – adaptation to climate change effects, support of food security and community development, and the building of social-ecological resilience in marine managed areas. As such, blue carbon is an ideal case study of the emerging models of local-to-global, multi-stakeholder, and cross-institutional business initiatives and development activities. This thesis develops a novel theoretical approach to carbon-oriented environmental management in the context of climate change policy and global markets, contributing to emerging theoretical perspectives and the development of innovative approaches to marine resource management and sustainable enterprise.

Innovative eHealth technologies are becoming increasingly common worldwide, with researchers and policy makers advocating their scale-up within and across health care systems. However, examples of successful scale-up remain extremely rare. Although this issue is widely acknowledged, there is still only a limited understanding of why scaling up eHealth technologies is so challenging. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complexities innovators encounter when attempting to scale up eHealth technologies and their strategies for addressing these complexities. We draw on different theoretical perspectives as well as the findings of an interview-based case study of a prominent remote patient monitoring (RPM) innovation in the Netherlands. Specifically, we create a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework bringing together 3 perspectives on scale-up: a structural perspective (focusing on structural barriers and facilitators), an ecological perspective (focusing on local complexities), and a critical perspective (focusing on mutual adaptation between innovation and setting). We then mobilize these perspectives to analyze how various stakeholders (n=14) experienced efforts to scale up RPM technology. We provide 2 key insights: (1) the complexities and strategies associated with local eHealth scale-up are disconnected from those that actors encounter at a broader level scale-up, and this translates into a simultaneous need for stability and malleability, which catches stakeholders in an impasse, and (2) pre-existing circumstances and associated path dependencies shape the complexities of the local context and facilitate or constrain opportunities for the scale-up of eHealth innovation. The 3 theoretical perspectives used in this article, with their diverging assumptions about innovation scale-up, should be viewed as complementary and highlight different aspects of the complexities perceived as playing an important role. Using these perspectives, we conclude that the level at which scale-up is envisaged and the pre-existing local circumstances (2 factors whose importance is often neglected) contribute to an impasse in the scale-up of eHealth innovation at the broader level of scale.

Editors’ Introduction Judith Plaskow and Traci West This issue of JFSR marks the completion of a remarkable thirty years of feminist publishing. We celebrate this anniversary with a special section on comparative feminist hermeneutics, a roundtable reflecting on the history and future of the Journal, and a general focus on boundary crossing and innovative methods. Each section of this issue makes a unique contribution to broadening how feminist and womanist studies in religion intentionally constructs scholarly conversations that include diverse voices and theoretical perspectives and benefit a wide range of constituencies. In twenty-first century women’s and gender studies scholarship, one expects that to some degree multiple and/or intersecting understandings of sex, race, ethnicity, class, gender, and nation will be incorporated within most field-specific analyses. But too often in fields other than religious studies the category of religion is neglected as a primary, intersecting axis of women’s and gender studies, and of women’s lives, that deserves careful interrogation. JFSR has contributed to filling this lacuna. This issue advances the discussion of a need for diverse voices and theoretical perspectives in feminist and womanist studies in religion with critical reflections on how to include them and what methodological difference it makes to do so. The Journal’s deep commitment to such discussions across differing faith traditions is manifest in this issue’s inclusion of articles on gender in the study of Christian, Buddhist, Jewish, Hindu, and Islamic traditions. The critical perspectives from differing global locations found here, including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Japan, represent an important commitment and direction for the journal that we hope to develop and expand in the next decade. The articles in the opening section of the issue explore new methods for theorizing gender and religion in historical studies, theology, and cultural studies. In her study of narratives about Saint Thecla, Susan Hylen challenges standard scholarly views, including feminist ones, in the field of Christian historical studies. Hylen’s argument counters the notion that the later Thecla is “domesticated” or watered down in order to be acceptable to the church. Hylen develops a more expansive understanding of Thecla as a radical female leader whose acceptance of Paul’s call to virginity frees her to live an active life of ministry. Susannah Cornwall interrogates the implications of boundary-crossing sexuality in her discussion of sex, intersex, and the maleness of Jesus in Christian theology [End Page 1] and church life. Cornwall’s essay interweaves the views of theologians with testimonies by intersex persons about their faith from interviews Cornwall conducted. Cornwall daringly considers the difference it would make for Christian theology if Jesus had had an intersex condition and what it would mean for theological arguments that assume Jesus’s maleness is obvious and incontrovertible. Robert Patterson’s essay is concerned with a paradigm-shifting conceptualization of gender and religion in popular culture filmmaking. He works on a method for envisioning wellness within black communities in the United States that can transform oppressive stereotypes of black women yet also maintain the liberation of all black people as its aim. Utilizing womanist theology in an effort to interrupt traditional masculinist paradigms of popular discourse, Patterson focuses on Tyler Perry’s Diary of a Mad Black Woman. We are delighted to mark our thirtieth anniversary by publishing a ground-breaking set of essays on comparative feminist hermeneutics that brings to the fore the complexities involved in discussing hermeneutical methods across the boundaries of religious traditions. As Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza explains in the introduction, one of the goals for organizing the panel discussion out of which the essays emerged was to “explore the contours and trajectories of feminist comparative studies of sacred texts across the confessional, historical, cultural, and communal boundaries of diverse male-dominated religions” (57). Karen Derris, a scholar of Buddhist traditions, examines the ethics and politics of knowledge production in her articulation of the liberating potential of feminist interpretation, specifically in the representations of motherhood and mothering. Rachel Adelman demonstrates methodological innovation when utilizing rabbinic midrash to construct a method of reading the story of Esther that extends an invitation to “dare to laugh at the role of gender in the...

There has been a rise in scepticism regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in qualitative research tasks such as critical reviews, conceptualization, thematic and content analysis, and potentially theory development. Concerns have been raised over the possibility that researchers intentionally avoid discussing or even mentioning the use of AI in their studies for a variety of reasons, including the "fear" of criticism and rejection of their papers. The purpose of this paper, which is guided by critical perspective principles, is to examine the controversy surrounding the appropriate recognition of AI in theoretical discussions and qualitative research, including conceptual, critical reviews, empirical, and other types of studies of qualitative nature. Prior to a discussion of how to acknowledge the use of AI, the significance of notions of acknowledgment and academic integrity in the context of research are discussed. As the author of this paper, I acknowledge and document the use of both AI and the researcher’s cognitive skills in the development of this theoretical critical perspective study through a four-phase process, while giving directions of when and how to acknowledge the use of AI in qualitative studies.

The goal of this article is to provide a fine-grained analysis of international human resource management research that addresses the different perspectives applied in that research. We coded 203 peer-reviewed international human resource management articles published between 2011 and 2018 with content analytical methods guided by the compass of management research developed by Sieben, which is rooted in critical management research. We were particularly attentive to the various discursive orientations international human resource management scholars have adopted, including ideologically critical, poststructuralist, functionalist and interpretive perspectives. We further examined which methods, theoretical perspectives and topics were common within and across different perspectives. This analysis indicated that critical research intending to politicize and question existing structures and ways of organizing is still marginal. Along with the dominance of functionalist and interpretive studies, papers in our dataset commonly use a strategic human resource perspective, are predominantly interested in the human resource management–performance link and focus rather narrowly on multinational corporations and expatriates. Furthermore, while international human resource management scholars increasingly account for the contextual embeddedness of organizations through macro-level theories, they mainly apply institutional perspectives that view organizations as adapting to institutional constraints. We propose a more diverse and reflexive approach – inspired by ideologically critical and poststructuralist perspectives – that may help to overcome these blind spots. Such an approach might, for instance, look at types of organizations other than multinational corporations and individuals other than highly skilled expatriates and might explicitly bring multiple, external stakeholders into the picture. We conclude by suggesting that international human resource management research and practice would benefit from more research diversity which enables more holistic analyses of phenomena, more innovative research and resultant insights, and more space for meta-theoretical reflections.