Theodore Roosevelt and the Art of American Power

A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

A country’s development is crucially determined by its cultural and natural heritage, and it is reflected in its industrial structure and its success in the global marketplace. The present paper looks at the global performance of tourism, comparing its performance measured by the Normalised Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index to the components of natural and cultural heritage, analysing 117 countries of the world. Natural and cultural heritage indicators were derived from the tourism competitiveness reports of the World Economic Forum for the years 2011–2013–2015–2017–2019–2022. Panel regression analysis was applied, with NRCA as the dependent variable and eight indicators of natural and cultural heritage as independent variables, comparing regions of the world. The main findings show considerably differing patterns between regions; Europe and Eurasia being similar to the Americas, with decreasing competitive advantage associated with more focus on endangered species and observance of environmental treaties, while the Middle East and North Africa show a strongly opposite pattern. Cultural heritage has a positive impact only in Sub-Saharan Africa, while Asia and the Pacific benefit mainly from the increase of protected areas and abundance of species. These differences shed light on differences in tourism competitiveness in the global market and may guide policymakers towards utilising heritage items for improving tourism performance.

BackgroundA large amount of mushroom waste is generated during mushroom production (accounting for up to 20% of total production) and is mainly composed of mushrooms that do not meet the specifications set by retailers because of misshapen caps and/or stalks. Mushrooms are notable for their ergosterol (a precursor of vitamin D2) content which is converted to vitamin D2 after exposure to natural or artificial ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Therefore, mushroom waste could be used as a source for the recovery of both ergosterol and vitamin D2 which could be valorized by both pharmaceutical and food industries. Scope and approachThe current review presents a comprehensive summary of research performed regarding the extraction, purification and determination of ergosterol and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from mushroom matrices. Additionally, studies related to the impact of sample preparation and especially of drying methods on the retention of ergosterol and vitamin D2 are presented. Finally, the potential valorization of mushroom waste sterols by food and pharmaceutical industries is discussed. Key findings and conclusionsErgosterol and vitamin D2 contents vary among different mushroom species. Sample drying is a crucial step that precedes sterol extraction and has a significant impact on the retention of ergosterol and vitamin D2. The extraction of sterols from mushrooms can be conducted by either conventional (e.g., Soxhlet extraction) or non-conventional methods (e.g., ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)) or their combination. The application of non-conventional methods such as UAE and MAE facilitate in shorter extraction times than the conventional methods. The valorization of mushroom extracts enriched in ergosterol and vitamin D2 by both pharmaceutical and food industries requires further work.

Reviewed by: Give and Take: Developmental Foreign Aid and the Pharmaceutical Industry in East Africa by Nitsan Chorev Jennifer Tappan Nitsan Chorev. Give and Take: Developmental Foreign Aid and the Pharmaceutical Industry in East Africa. Princeton Studies in Global and Comparative Sociology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2019. xii + 305 pp. Ill. $29.95 (978-0-691-19784-5) Nitsan Chorev’s Give and Take is an in-depth and well-researched comparative historical analysis of the kind of foreign aid that facilitated the development and growth of the pharmaceutical industry in East Africa. The study is framed as a contribution to debates over foreign aid and its efficacy. Shifting from a focus on quantity and statistical evaluations of success and failure, Give and Take instead [End Page 605] considers what kind of aid proves to be what Chorev terms “developmental.” Through an examination of the pharmaceutical sector, Chorev identifies the kind of assistance, which has the capacity to be developmental, as aid that specifically creates markets, provides monitoring as well as the mentoring needed to meet quality standards and market demand. One of the strengths of the analysis is the close attention to the specific economic, social, and political contexts, and local conditions. The value of education and global networks was, for example, featured throughout. Nor did the author ignore the importance of power. Rather, Chorev argues that the evidence from the pharmaceutical industries in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda illustrate just how crucial it is for aid recipients to actively negotiate, albeit from within the “shadows of power” (p. 10). The question of power is further implicated in the final discussion of why foreign aid must work with, rather than bypass, the state. The introductory chapter is followed by an examination of the shift toward generic drugs in East Africa and the Global South, focusing specifically on the rise of Indian pharmaceuticals in East Africa and multinational pharmaceutical companies’ unsuccessful attempts to maintain their market dominance. The rest of the book is divided into six chapters (followed by a conclusion), which document and compare the emergence and upgrading of pharmaceutical companies in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, respectively. The first set of chapters examine the period from the 1970s/1980s through the 1990s, and the second set focus on the initial decades of the twenty-first century—when global activism led to lowered costs and increased funding. Numerous insights emerge from Chorev’s close analysis of data collected from an array of sources, including interviews conducted in all three countries. The central findings support the argument that developmental aid was instrumental in both the emergence and growth of pharmaceutical industries in East Africa. The comparative analysis illustrates how distinctions between Kenya and Tanzania (particularly in the earlier period) led to very different outcomes and how those patterns continued to play out in more recent decades. For example, the decision to purchase locally manufactured drugs for “rations kits” in Kenya, but not in Tanzania or Uganda, was instrumental in the growth of the Kenyan industry and equally detrimental to the fledgling Tanzanian and virtually nonexistent Ugandan pharmaceutical sectors. Moreover, Chorev shows how this creation of a market, which expands significantly in the wake of HIV/AIDS, was only part of the equation. By monitoring to ensure quality standards, aid agencies helped to upgrade the industry, particularly in the context of limited state regulatory capacity. Mentorship and technology transfer were equally crucial for the companies that were able to expand and improve their production thereby increasing their market share and, in a few cases, reaching the highest international quality standards. My critiques are few and are offered with the caveat that I approach the text as a historian, not a sociologist. Although, the organization of the text features the specific trajectory of individual pharmaceutical companies, dividing the comparative case studies across two sets of individual chapters led to some redundancy [End Page 606] and diminished the force of the narrative. Specific facets of the pharmaceutical sector make it a more unique case than the author contends, potentially limiting the general applicability of the findings. The terminology monitoring and mentoring are unfortunate given the colonial history of development in Africa. Finally, the...

Purpose – The primary purpose of this paper was to assess the status of digital heritage preservation management in Eastern Africa. The following research objectives were addressed: investigate digital heritage preservation management in Eastern Africa, find out the content which is prioritized for digital preservation, describe the challenges of digital heritage preservation management in Eastern Africa and propose a framework to address challenges of digital heritage preservation in Eastern Africa. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a literature review and an analysis of national digitization efforts in Eastern Africa. The research objectives were addressed using Document Lifecycle and World Summit on Information Society Action Lines 2, 3 and 8 as the theoretical frames. Findings – Results revealed growing awareness among institutions with statutory responsibility for heritage management about digital heritage preservation in Eastern Africa through the support of international agencies, civil societies and governments. However, institutions with responsibility for heritage management were ill-equipped to function in this role effectively. Content of academic, commercial, parliamentary and judicial and international treaties’ values were the preferred candidates for digitization. The findings revealed several challenges hampering digital heritage preservation management: weak policy and regulatory frameworks, limited capacity, inadequate government support and limited connectivity and bandwidth. Originality/value – Many countries in Eastern Africa are making efforts to preserve their national heritage through digitalization to bridge the content divide between the region and the developed world so as to enhance access by its people, not only to their respective national heritages but also for international information systems knowledge. However, most of these efforts remain undocumented, making it difficult to make comparisons with similar best practices around the world.

Chapter 6 - Liposome for encapsulation of essential oil and fatty acids

Investigation of New Potential Uses of Pistacia terebinthus for Various Industries ABSTRACT: Pistacia terebinthus has been used extensively in alternative medicine. Inhibitory activity of ethanol fruit extract from P. terebinthus fruit on food-borne and clinical test microorganisms was obtained to determine the potential use of the extract for food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial source. Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract on fish originated pathogen bacteria was also determined for its potential use in the feed industry. In addition, the effect of the extract on the probiotic bacteria originated from breast milk were tested to obtain the potential use of the extract together with probiotic bacteria for pharmaceutical and food industries. Antimicrobial activity was obtained by performing micro-dilution and macro-dilution assays as well as disc diffusion. Among the food-borne and clinical test microorganisms, the highest inhibition zone diameter (22.39±1.92 mm) was detected on Listeria monocytogenes. The highest antibacterial activity on the fish pathogens was recorded as 17.67±0 mm against Vibrio anguillarum A4. It was determined that P. terebinthus fruit extract had higher antimicrobial activity against some test microorganisms than Amikacin and Gentamicin antibiotics. Antifungal activity on Candida glabrata was also investigated by counting viable cell. At a concentration of 20 mg/mL, no viable cells were determined after 24 hours. The extract inhibited all the tested LAB, however, with low MIC and MBC values. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the extract and the extract+cream mixture at 10 mL concentration was recorded as 9.36 and 7.51. The results of the study indicated that P. terebinthus fruit ethanol extract can be an alternative as a natural additive in various industries such as feed, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Keywords: Menengiç, Antimicrobial activity, Extract, Lactic acid bacteria, Solar protection

Economics and Politics of Transformation.- Systemic Change to a Market Economy: General Issues and First Experiences in Poland.- Reformers, Rent-Seekers, Free Riders: Systemic Transformation in Poland.- The Game for Power in a State: The Changes of the Polish Electoral Law.- Crucial Areas of Transformation Policy.- Privatization in Poland: A Property Rights Approach.- The Strive for a Competitive Order: An Evaluation of the Polish Antitrust Endeavors.- The Role of Monetary Policy for the Polish Economy in Transition.- Social Policy in Poland.- Internationalization as a Supportive Factor.- Chances and Limits of the Internationalization of Poland's Pharmaceutical Industry.- The Transformation of the Polish Economy: The Role of Joint Ventures.

Introduction: Molecular distillation (MD) is a physical separation method that was developed for several applications in petrochemical, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Early industrial applications were most prominent in the petrochemical industry and in the food industry for vegetable oil refinement. During the past two decades, MD has gained a renewed attention and its applications have expanded to include purification and enrichment of bioactive compounds from natural product extracts and in nutraceuticals production. Objectives: This review highlights, from a chemical perispective, applications and potential future MD development in the fields of pharmaceutics and natural product chemistry. Literature review: A brief summary to outline the MD concept and the factors to be considered in designing efficient MD experiments is provided. Recent MD applications in the production and refinement of raw materials to be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and nutraceutical industries are analyzed. This review further discusses future development in MD to expand its appliaction for refinement and purification of fixed oils, essential oils and plant extracts.

The study aims to discuss innovative extraction approaches as compared to available traditional methods to optimize the yield and quality of pectin by eco-friendly techniques and emphasizes purification and analytical techniques for quality toward sustainable development of pectinbased products. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in plants, forming a protective barrier and providing mechanical strength to the plant cell. Therefore pectin, a by-product of the food industry, can be an efficient waste valorization product for utilization in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and gelling agent. Pectin complex chemistry provides a wide scope for modification of monomers that can alter the properties of pectin and thereby add to the varied applications of pectin enlisted in the review. The review synthesizes findings from meticulously conducted research investigations and authorized scholarly articles. Information retrieval used reputable academic search engines, including PubMed, Elsevier, and Bentham publications with keywords such as “pectin” “chemical modification of pectin”, “drug delivery”, “green methods” and “agro-industrial residues" for a comprehensive exploration. The comprehensive review delves into pectin chemistry and extraction methods, modification, and characterization techniques are discussed along with versatile applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Pectin abundantly present in the outer coat or peels of fruits and vegetables has been the best example of a circular economy and has led to zero waste in agricultural industries. The review has elaborated modifications in pectin for its use as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic use, targeted drug delivery, and food industries.

Background: Since ancient times, human kind has used plants for their flavor and essence and especially for medical purposes; they are also used as food sources. Turkey, due to its geographical location, is home to many varieties of species of medicinal and aromatic plants. Aromatic and medicinal plants produce essential oils in the form of secondary metabolites. These essential oils are being used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the various side effects of synthetic agents, the use of essential oils as antimicrobial agents comes to the fore. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata collected from the Gaziantep Region of Turkey and to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against microorganism species commonly encountered in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Methods: In this study, the antimicrobial effect of the volatile oil obtained from dried leaves of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata, traditionally known as Zahter, was investigated. For this purpose, volatile oil was obtained from the leaves of the plant by steam vapor distillation method. Antimicrobial efficacy tests were conducted against microorganisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus hauseri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans. Results: Results of the experiments showed that the volatile oil obtained from Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata had a cidal effect on selected pathogenic microorganisms even at low concentrations. Conclusion: This study showed that the high carvacrol content of the T. spicata L. var. spicata grown in the Gaziantep region of Turkey is a promising source of antimicrobial raw materials in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

The need to add value to cultivated and native plant products that have medicinal and nutritional properties is increasing due to the consumers demand. Nowadays, the bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) found in plants have many uses in the therapeutic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Dried Roselle calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) are commercially available and appreciated to obtain concentrated extracts which might be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It has been shown that ingestion of infusions of Roselle may help to reduce chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This could be due to the activity of some compounds, mainly flavonoids and anthocyanins, found as natural antioxidants in Roselle extracts. Numerous researchers have pointed out that Roselle and its extracts possess functional properties from where advances can be taken for developing new products with additional nutritious characteristics that may provide health benefits to consumers. Food products from Roselle are known as functional foods, which may provide health benefits to consumers because of its significant contribution of phytochemicals. In this sense, one of the main challenges that companies face todays is the development of new value-added products to meet the consumer’s demands. This article presents a review of the most relevant aspects of Roselle as well as its health benefits and its application in the food and beverage areas.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by zein particles and their complexes and possibilities of use in the food industry: A review

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health and development threat which is caused by the excess and prolonged usage of antimicrobial compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to the already existing drugs represent a serious risk to public health. Plant sources such as cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables are potential substrates for the isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses with novel immunomodulatory activities. Thus, in the quest of new antimicrobial agents, AMPs have recently gained interest. Therefore, AMP can be used in agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. This review focuses on various explored and unexplored plant based food sources of AMPs, their isolation techniques and antimicrobial mechanism of peptides. Therefore, the literature discussed in this review paper will prove beneficial the research purposes for agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be done on industrial scale. AMP isolated from food sources can be used in pharmaceutical and agriculture industries. AMP from natural sources mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. AMP isolated from food products can be used as nutraceutical.

This special issue aims to bring together knowledge related to research in the broad scientific field of plants. The aspects of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and plants in general covered include the study of the biological and chemical activities of extracts rich in phytochemicals, essential oils and secondary metabolites by in vitro and in vivo tests, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies, biodiversity, plants morphological and physiological characterizations. MAPs are defined as all raw organic materials ‎‎(trees, shrubs and herbs) whose active elements of their respective organs (fruits, ‎flowers, leaves, roots, stems, buds, bulbs) are likely to be used.‎ The range of plants applications is vast, since it affects the ‎medical sector (pharmaceutical industry, allopathy, phytotherapy, homeopathy, ‎aromatherapy), that of cosmetics and perfumes, chemistry (detergents, dyes, ‎varnishes, fireworks, etc.) and the agro-food sector (minimally processed products ‎such as infusion plants, spices and dry herbs, etc.).‎Ethnobotanical research estimates there are approximately 50 000 to 70 000 plant ‎species used in traditional and modern herbal medicine around the world (Schippmann et al., 2006). The total amount of MAPs used by the pharmaceutical, ‎cosmetic, chemical and food industries is very difficult to estimate. Globally, more ‎than 35 000 are used by the pharmaceutical, chemical or cosmetic industries according ‎to professionals. There is growing interest by scientists and the World Health Organization in medicinal ‎plants in many countries, especially in developing countries where access to modern ‎health care is limited. This action involves evaluating their efficacy and harmlessness, ‎and ensuring the safety and standardization of their use. ‎ Plants in general arouse a growing interest of the largest research centres ‎at the international level and are increasingly sought after by the agro-forestry and pharmaceutical ‎industries at the international, regional and national levels and therefore offer real ‎opportunities for socio-economic development of countries.‎Algeria, due to its geographical location, benefits from a very diverse climate and ‎flora. The plants grow in abundance in the coastal, mountainous and also Saharan ‎regions, many of which are renowned for their agro-forestry importance, medicinal virtue and used in traditional ‎medicine in health care (human and animal) and for culinary and cosmetic purposes.‎ These plants are potential natural remedies that can be used as a curative and ‎preventive therapeutic means, but this practice remains limited to patients and ‎herbalists who still have this empirical know-how.‎ The richness of the Algerian flora is therefore indisputable. It contains a large number ‎of species classified according to their degree of rarity: 289 fairly rare species, 647 rare ‎species, 640 very rare species, 35 extremely rare species and 168 endemic species (FAO, 2012). This situation requires a detailed inventory, a morphobiometric, biochemical and genetic characterization for an efficient management of this potential. The MAPs most in demand from herbalists in Algeria are most ‎often spontaneous (wild) in nature, which makes their quantification difficult.‎ The actors involved in the plants sector are very numerous and diversified and they attached ‎to several departments (agriculture, forestry, research, industry, commerce, finance, etc.).‎Algeria has nearly 2 689 herbalists registered with the National Trade Register Center ‎‎(CNRC), with "trader" status. These professionals are very active in this sector, they ‎seek to source and supply their customers. At the interface between collection and ‎distribution, herbalists have a central function in the organization of medicinal plants ‎on the Algerian domestic market. ‎ The informal is very present. In most cases, the plants sold are not subject to quality ‎controls. Some of them can be dangerous even if they are naturally extracted; they can ‎represent a real danger for the patient, as they may contain toxic components ‎unknown to the seller and to the patient. Out of naivety, ignorance or commercial ‎calculation, herbal sellers claim to have helped cure some patients of their diseases ‎classified as incurable, including diseases such as cancer and neurological diseases (Ilbert et al., 2016).