The Vocabulary of Town-Twinning: A Corpus Analysis of the Press in Soviet Karelia (1960s–1980s)

The main objective of the article is to conduct a critical media discourse analysis as presented in the Polish and international editions of the "Newsweek" magazine in the years 2001-2006 and 2012-2016; the subject of which was climate change. The introduction provides the definitions of the key terms, such as: the greenhouse effect and critical discourse analysis (CDA). The theoretical part presents the most important assumptions of the CDA and presents a characteristic of the weekly. The results of the conducted quantitative and qualitative analysis partially lead to varying conclusions. Based on the CDA, the hypothesis was assumed that more attention was provided to climate change in the international (English) edition of "Newsweek", than in the Polish-language edition. Rejected in turn was the hypothesis, according to which, more importance to climate change and their repercussions was provided in the discourse within the last 5years of publication of the weekly than in the discourse from the years 2001-2006. As a result of comparison of both discourses, the disturbing fact that media discourse did not present and encourage among the readers an active stance in favour of the climate was noticed. It is the task of this influential weekly, the message of which reaches many people, not only to provide knowledge and shape specific values or view, but also to encourage and popularise attitudes in favour of the climate. If man wants to continue to live on earth, then one of their goals is to modify the form of discourse by entities responsible for its form.

Media discourse refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer. Though the discourse is oriented towards these recipients, they very often cannot make instantaneous responses to the producer(s) of the discourse, though increasingly this is changing with the advent of new media technology, as we shall explore. Crucially, the written or spoken discourse itself is oriented to the readership or listening/viewing audience, respectively. In other words, media discourse is a public, manufactured, on-record, form of interaction. It is not ad hoc or spontaneous (in the same way as casual speaking or writing is); it is neither private nor off the record. Obvious as these basic characteristics may sound, they are crucial to the investigation, description and understanding of media discourse. Because media discourse is manufactured, we need to consider how this has been done – both in a literal sense of what goes into its making and at an ideological level. One important strand of research into media discourse is preoccupied with taking a critical stance to media discourse, namely critical discourse analysis (CDA). It is important that we continually appraise the messages that we consume from our manufactured mass media. The fact that media discourse is public means that it also falls under the scrutiny of many conversation analysts who are interested in it as a form of institutional talk, which can be compared with other forms of talk, both mundane and institutional. The fact that media discourse is on record makes it attractive for discourse analysts and increasingly so because of the online availability of newspapers, radio stations, television programmes and so on. Advances in technology have greatly offset the ephemerality factor that used to relate to media discourse, especially radio and television (where it used to be the case that, if you wanted to record something, it had to be done in real time). It is a time of great change in media discourse, and this chapter aims to capture this moment, especially in the final section, where traditional notions of media discourse are challenged, in this time of opening up of the medium through Web 2 technologies.

Mobile instant messaging has the potential of providing the youth not only with a social space where they can interact and bond but also with a learning environment. MXit is the most popular mobile instant messaging application in South Africa. Due to its nascency, little academic research has been done on the application. The application has drawn considerable local media interest; however, most of the media coverage has been negative. Media discourse of the application is of academic interest, since media discourse is one of the many ways through which reality is constructed. This means there is a relationship between media discourse and public opinion. Distortions in the media may misinform and engender impaired decision making amongst policymakers as well as members of the public. Discourse analysis can reveal distortions in media communication and counter misinformation. Using critical discourse analysis, we have analysed the media discourse on MXit by employing the Habermasian concept of the ideal speech situation and its validity claims as a conceptual tool. The analysis shows that (i) the media discourse is fraught with distortions; (ii) the media have mainly used the voice of adults to legitimise the discourse and the voices of the youth who are the main users of the application are missing; and (iii) there seems to be a moral panic developing around the use of MXit.

The main subject of this study is a detailed literature review analysis of critical discourse researches made in the Turkish language. As a unique discipline, critical discourse analysis has played an important research tool role in social sciences. Critical discourse analysis, which emerged in the late 1980s, can be considered a relatively new research method in our country. This discipline has developed around the schools of three different academics. One of the leading figures in this field is Teun A. van Dijk (b. 1943). Van Dijk, the founder of the Socio-cognitive Approach, is one of the important names cited in the analysis of political and media discourses. Another name is Norman Fairclough (b.1941). Fairclough's 3-Dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis method also constitutes an important space in discourse studies. Another significant figure in the field of critical discourse analysis is Ruth Wodak (b. 1950). Wodak, the founder of the Discourse Historical approach, first developed this method to analyze the biased anti-Semitic language and imagery in Waldheim's electoral programs in the Austrian presidential election that was held in 1986. Since then, the methodology developed by Wodak has been useful for discourse analysis of cases with an important historical dimension. This study aims to explain the approaches of the discourse experts mentioned above and to compile critical discourse analysis and corpus analysis studies conducted in political and media texts in Turkish academia. As a result of this study, which was carried out within the scope of the qualitative research method, important insights into the basic features, possibilities, and limitations of critical discourse analysis research in Turkish academia have been obtained. Some of the insights obtained can be summarized as follows: It has been determined that the critical discourse analysis studies available in the Council of Higher Education online database include a total number of 54 master’s and doctoral theses published since 2003. Among these theses, the number of the theses prepared in Turkish is 23. As a result of the Google Scholar search, it has been found that the number of Turkish studies conducted since 2003 is more than 90. The most cited research among these studies is the article “Discourse Analysis” published in 2008. The main limitation of most of the critical discourse analysis studies made in the Turkish language is about the usage of the translations of the works authored by the above-mentioned experts who developed this discipline, and this usage limits the number of resources concerning the method because not every major work has been translated into Turkish. In the light of the findings, the ways to improve the discipline in Turkish academia shows the importance of this study.

The article is devoted to the problem of representation of professional groups and dynasties of Soviet workers, rural workers and intelligentsia/ intellectuals in the Soviet central press from 1960 to 1970. The theoretical - methodological approach to the analysis of texts is a critical discourse analysis. The authors reveal the main aspects of social significance of working professions and family succession of generations in a socialist society. The purpose of the work is the sociological reflection of public discourse regarding professional groups and professional dynasties in the publications of the central newspaper Pravda, an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union by 1960-1970. The empirical material was 51 287 publications of the newspaper Pravda that time. The specifics of the representation of family professional succession in the Soviet press is that this topic was not central to the Soviet media discourse. At the same time, there is a mass of articles reflecting continuity in the context of Soviet labor dynasties ingoing into the profession. The presentation of professional dynasties is dominant if they are concerned the class structure of society - these are collective farm workers, milkmaids, cotton growers, locksmiths and other factory workers. Less often, but also there are presentations of dynasties of canonical intelligent professions, for example, teachers and doctors. The productivity of work in close connection with education becomes a confirmation of the competence and success of the intelligent worker and life path of his entire family. The high labor productivity, life success of an intelligent worker and professional dynasty are considered discursively with the high level of education.

This contribution looks into a speech by Russian President Vladimir Putin after the terrorist attack against a high school in the Northern Caucasian town Beslan in September 2004, widely seen as marking the end of the liberal hegemony in the Russia of the post-soviet period. However, a closer look reveals the many possible readings that are made of the speech. According to the reactions found in a corpus of press articles, the speech activates both “internationalist” and “sovereignist” readings in media discourse. By pointing out the polyphonic organization of discourse, I make the case for a productive exchange between the French tradition of discourse analysis, interactionism and critical discourse analysis. In this view, the readers have to deal with the many different voices crisscrossing political discourse. In the light of its polyphonic organization, the meaning of discourse needs to be “fixed” by the participants of political discourse.

In most traditional accounts of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) text and discourse are viewed as being the product of a one-directional flow of information from a handful of dominant (and powerful) text producers to an seemingly subordinate mass of readers who passively consume texts. To this end, CDA proclaims an interest in both production and reception factors as they are reflected in social practices (Fetzer & Johansson, 2008). Yet, in the CDA literature actual empirical data focusing on reception factors have often been lacking and/or have been limited to the researcher’s personal reading of a text. With the advent and spread of converged media platforms (Herring, 2013) and the new discourse practices this entails such factors need to be reconsidered and the more prominent role played by users in both reception and (co-)construction of texts embraced (Boyd, 2014). This work focuses on the importance of user-generated content in user comments written in response to online newspaper editorials and proposes that such commenting practices not only change media discourse and social practice but also, ultimately, may upend the traditional flow of media discourse, transforming it from a primarily top-down, one-to-many model to a more interactive and participatory model that fosters many-to-many participation schemes (KhosraviNik & Zia, 2014). In traditional print newspapers text consumers had few opportunities to respond directly to a topic they felt strongly about if not in the form of a “letter to the editor” which was not guaranteed publication. Furthermore, editorials, as the official mouthpiece of a news organisation, were seen as playing a predominant role in evaluating issues, forming public opinion and eliciting reader support and agreement (Henry & Tator, 2002; Moon, 1994; Van Dijk, 1991). Today, most online newspapers allow users to comment on both news reports and opinion articles, including editorials, in which they can react to as well as interact with media texts. Such social interaction gives the (CDA) researcher access to valuable user-generated content which can help to gauge, in part, the degree to which such media texts as editorials still have in forming and swaying public opinion. By focusing on reader comments in a limited set of editorials (dealing with the European migrant crisis), this study attempts to determine readers’ varying opinions about the issue and how this reflects and/or diverges from the view(s) presented by the editorial. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the empirical data (the editorials and reader comments) aim to demonstrate the various representations of society inherent in online newspaper discourse. In particular, the analysis focuses on the linguistic means adopted by text producers to align themselves with (proximization) or differentiate themselves from (distancing) from the views presented in the editorial. Thus, the work is interested in the ways in which powerful public discourses are received by the general public through the interactive feature of text commenting available on many media platforms. Text commenting, in turn, is seen as crucial to understanding how certain texts are received and transformed by different types of (social) media users in the online newspaper.

The general aim of this article is to examine the ways in which British newspapers in their editorials represent ‘self’ and ‘other’ in the backdrop of the discourse on the ‘war on terror’. The central argument of this paper is that The Guardian and The Times in their editorials on the ‘war on terror’ portray the ‘other’ in a highly stereotypical and negativemanner and both portray the ‘self’ in a highly celebrated fashion, while retaining subtle nuances and differences. The findings show the creation of two ‘others’ by The Guardian (an American other and an Islamic other) and two ‘selves’ by The Times (a British self and an American self). Corpus-based critical discourse analysis (CL-based CDA) has been applied to analyse the data. The theoretical framework is derived from van Dijk’s concept of the ideological square, which comprises semantic macro-strategies that provide binary features for positive self-presentation and negative other presentation. This approach accentuates a positive ‘us’ and de-emphasises a positive ‘them’; likewise, it emphasises a negative ‘them’ and de-emphasises a negative ‘us’. A special corpus was developed by retrieving all the leading articles/editorials/opinion-editorials about the ‘war on terror’ from two British broadsheets: The Guardian (TG-corpus) and The Times (TT-corpus), spreading over the time period from 11 September 2001 to 31 December2011. The editorial texts were retrieved through ‘ProQuest’ and ‘Lexis/Nexis’ online repositories/databases. Corpus annotation and statistical analyses were conducted by using WMatrix, Sketch Engine and Wordsmith Tools software and web portals. Both corpora were tagged semantically and grammatically, using USAS and CLAWS from theUniversity of Lancaster’s platform. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, ideology, self, other, war on terror, media discourse

Much has been accumulated in the research on science fiction, corpus method to literary works, and critical discourse analysis on literary works, while research concerning the combination of these three elements is just beginning. The present study is a case study for examining how a corpus-based approach can combine with CDA and contribute to research on literary works. Specifically, Lancaster Semantic Analysis System (USAS) is firstly used to perform semantic encoding for the text of H.G. Wells’ science fiction The Time Machine. Then the encoded text is imported into Sketch Engine, the ultimate tool to explore how language works. Second, the word list and the keyword program are used for word filtering. The filtered words are then divided into 3 categories, namely, character, environment, and psychology, according to different descriptive aspects. Third, the distribution and collocation of object words in different categories are tested by the sketch engine programs or USAS. Finally, CDA is carried out on these data in combination with the time of the text. Findings from the study have shown that language in The Time Machine is ideology-loaded, characterized by the distinctive modification of different characters, the vagueness of the psychological process, and the diversity of narrative perspectives. In response to scepticism of quantitative stylistics from literary critics, this paper serves to reinforce the literary value of simple quantitative text and corpus data. At the theoretical level, this study tries to explain how micro textual resources can interface with macro discourse, such as ideology and social cognition. At the methodological level, this study promotes the application of the combination of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis in stylistics.

The case of the Romanian Yoga movement and its founder, the yoga teacher Gregorian Bivolaru, is well known for the human rights activists and organizations, especially in Europe. The case is quite typical as a persecution of a yoga movement in Eastern Europe in the post-communist period, but it draws the attention because of its dimension and duration. Another striking aspect of the case is the fact that in the Romanian public sphere and in the civil society there is no real debate around the case and no support for the democratic values. The discrimination of yoga practitioners, their marginalization, various abuses of authorities (including mystification in official actions and declarations) were not followed by any reaction of the civil society. How is this possible? Can the lack of democratic education in Romania and the Romanian mentality explain this inertia? This article explores the public communication around the case trying to explain the public reaction (i.e., no reaction) based on the following research hypothesis: the hate speech and the mystification that characterize the official and the media discourse about the case had a significant contribution in generating the rejection and marginalization of the yoga movement. The method chosen to investigate the case is critical discourse analysis, which offers a powerful tool for understanding the trends and influences implied in a large quantity of data. Based on the discourse analysis, the deconstruction of the discourse of the media campaigns follows. The conclusion of the study goes further than the research hypothesis, as it proves that the media was used as a manipulation element and an instrument of repression, since it covered abuses and made use of hate speech in order to justify persecution of a large group of Romanian citizens.

Recent works in sociology have addressed the social embeddedness of AI artifacts and their impact on social and cultural life. However, media discourse has remained an invisible backdrop in relevant analyses. Little is known about how AI technologies are collectively interpreted as revolutionary or how public policy interacts with the sociotechnical imaginaries produced and sustained in mass-media representations. Merging frameworks from Critical Discourse Analysis and Cultural Sociology, this study employs a discourse analysis approach focused on analogies to elucidate the construction of ChatGPT’s revolutionary nature in the United States’ media discourse. It posits that sociotechnical systems’ qualities should not be conceived merely as ontic and independent of their linguistically mediated representations. Although customarily linked to legitimation through moral evaluation in the literature of discourse studies, this study demonstrates that analogical comparisons in the public arena encompass multiple strategies that legitimize ChatGPT’s sociocultural significance, thereby influencing the trajectory of institutional action.

Background and Purpose: Coronavirus has posed an unfamiliar threat to the world. Despite such circumstances, Malaysians continue to stay optimistic by keeping abreast with updates and mostly by seeking refuge in hopeful and consoling messages shared by fellow citizens. This study identified Facebook postings with positive messages, posted by Malaysians during the Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented by the Malaysian government as a form of prosocial behaviour.
 
 Methodology: Through an analytic framework consisting of Positive Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, 15 Facebook postings related to COVID-19 were selected and identified as positive discourse, which were coded and categorised using a thematic analysis. Further analysis was also conducted on the linguistic features identified in the narratives of the postings showing the construction of positive discourse in the Facebook postings.
 
 Findings: The findings demonstrate an extensive utilisation of expressions of solidarity primarily through collective pronouns like “we” and “us”, which suggest solidarity and empowerment among Malaysians in dealing with COVID-19. Further analysis reveals the forms and contextual functions of the linguistic strategies as carrying pragmatic devices (e.g. speech acts and figurative language), which contributes to the power enactment in the Facebook postings in creating an overall positive reaction.
 
 Contributions: This critical discourse study does not only promote positive discourse for its own sake, but also serves as a pragmatic approach to materialise utilitarian goals. It is therefore hoped to contribute not only to linguistics, but also social, psychological as well as arts and humanities studies through further examinations of the pivotal roles that communication and language play, especially in rising against dire situations.
 
 Keywords: COVID-19, Critical Discourse Analysis, media discourse, Positive Discourse Analysis, power and solidarity.
 
 Cite as: Azizan, M., Ismail, H. H., & Qaiwer, S. N. (2020). Power and solidarity in positive Facebook postings amidst COVID-19 in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 329-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp329-364

Ruth Wodak & Paul Chilton (eds.), A new agenda in (critical) discourse analysis: Theory, methodology and interdisciplinarity. Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society, and Culture, 13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005. Pp. xi, 322. Hb $138.00. The title of this book implicitly raises a number of important questions about the relationships among discourse analysis (DA), critical discourse analysis (CDA), and interdisciplinarity: Is CDA one approach to analyzing text and talk, or is it (by implication of the ambiguous parenthetical reference in the book's title) somehow merging with (an increasingly more critical) DA? To what extent does or should (C)DA embrace interdisciplinary approaches to treating language in use? Finally (and perhaps most compelling of all), what is this new agenda, what is wrong with the old agenda, and why is a new agenda needed at this time? Overall, the book does a fair to good job of addressing these questions.

The precarious and critical period of the initiation of Discourse Analysis was populer at the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s. Various approaches and frameworks were proposed during the time especially in the field of Applied Linguistics. This is including Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as one of its leading areas.� This present study aimed at exploring and catching out how the CDA� presentation in overall related to Media studies and how it can be applicable to uncover an unseen ideologies while examining the existence of media discourse studies. The study is considering 25 journal studies to scrutinize the ways and methods used in discern social phenomena while illuminating the true characteristics of the social actors. As result, it was revealed that� CDA is used openly to expose ideologies that somehow differentiate oppressed groups by offering a dummy image used by the highest authority or elite.Keywords: CDA; ideology; media discourse; social actors; power.

How can you carry out discourse analysis using corpus linguistics? What research questions should I ask? Which methods should you use and when? What is a collocational network or a key cluster? Introducing the major techniques, methods and tools for corpus-assisted analysis of discourse, this book answers these questions and more, showing readers how to best use corpora in their analyses of discourse. Using carefully tailored case studies, each chapter is devoted to a central technique, including frequency, concordancing and keywords, going step by step through the process of applying different analytical procedures. Introducing a wide range of different corpora, from holiday brochures to political debates, the book considers the key debates and latest advances in the field. Fully revised and updated, this new edition includes: - A new chapter on how to conduct research projects in corpus-based discourse analysis- Completely rewritten chapters on collocation and advanced techniques, using a corpus of jihadist propaganda texts and covering topics such as social media and visual analysis- Coverage of major tools, including CQPweb, AntConc, Sketch Engine and #LancsBox- Discussion of newer techniques including the derivation of lockwords and the comparison of multiple data sets for diachronic analysis With exercises, discussion questions and suggested further readings in each chapter, this book is an excellent guide to using corpus linguistics techniques to carry out discourse analysis. Using Corpora for Discourse Analysis provides an overview of how to employ methods from corpus linguistics in order to carry out discourse analysis, with chapters devoted to central techniques: frequency, concordancing, collocation, keywords. The book also covers corpus building and annotation and a range of different corpus analysis tools including WordSmith, AntConc, Sketch Engine and #Lancsbox. Key debates in the field are considered and coverage is provided of the latest advances in the field, including the use of triangulatory frameworks, multimodal analyses, collocational networks and reflexivity. The chapters include case studies using different types of corpora including holiday brochures, newspaper articles and political debates. Each chapter contains step by step guides to using different analytical procedures, discussion questions, suggestions for further reading and exercises for students.