The Victim-Offender Overlap During the Global Pandemic: A Comparative Study Across Western and Non-Western Countries.

BackgroundObservational studies, mainly from Western populations, suggest dairy consumption is inversely associated with adiposity. However, in these populations the intake range is limited and both diet and obesity may share social patterning. Evidence from non-Western developed settings with different social patterning, is valuable in distinguishing whether observed associations are biologically mediated or socially confounded.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption with adolescent obesity.MethodsWe used multivariable linear regression models to examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption, obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, at 11 years with body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 13 years and waist hip ratio (WHR) at 11 years, in 5,968 adolescents from a Chinese birth cohort, comprising 88% of births in April and May 1997. We used multiple imputation for missing exposures and confounders.ResultsOnly 65.7% regularly consumed milk and 72.4% other dairy products. Milk and other dairy product consumption was positively associated with socio-economic position but not with BMI z-score or WHR, with or without adjustment for sex, mother’s birthplace, parental education, physical activity and other food consumption.ConclusionsThe lack of association of milk and other dairy product consumption with adiposity in a non-Western setting was not consistent with the majority of evidence from Western settings. Observed anti-obesigenic effects in Western settings may be due to socially patterned confounding.

Research concerning Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) General Theory of Crime has paid inadequate attention to the reliability and validity of self-control measures in non-Western settings, to the relationship between parenting and self-control in non-Western settings, and to Gottfredson and Hirschi's assertion that macro-level cultural forces have little or no influence on criminal behavior. The present study addresses each of these issues using a six-item self-control scale and two separate crime measures among young adult respondents from 32 Western and non-Western settings on all six humanly habitable continents. Across Western and non-Western settings, results suggest that (1) the six-item self-control scale demonstrates reliability comparable to that of prior self-control scales in the existing criminological literature; (2) the scale is associated significantly with both violence and property crime, and (3) an eight-item parental neglect scale is associated with self-control in both Western and non-Western settings. At the same time, HLM (Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling) analysis suggests that there exists a macro-level contextual effect, unanticipated by Gottfredson and Hirschi, of aggregate parental neglect on individual-level self-control. Results further suggest a robust individual-level association, also unanticipated by Gottfredson and Hirschi, between personal and peer crime that tends to remain independent of adjustments for self-control.

The present study seeks to validate the dimensionality of the measurement of organizational commitment construct as conceptualized by Porter and his colleagues, using a confirmatory factor analysis. Two independent samples drawn from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were used in this study. The first sample consisted of 430 employees, while the second sample consisted of 567 employees. The empirical results suggest that the fifteen-item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), as conceptualized by Porter and his colleagues, is a multi-dimensional measure of organizational commitment. The findings of the present study corroborate those of a number of Western studies, despite the fact that it was carried out in a non-Western setting which differs in many ways from the Western settings. The results of this study could be applicable in cultures similar to that of the UAE. Limitations, implications and lines of future research are discussed.

<h3>Introduction</h3> Observational studies, mainly from western populations, suggest that dairy product consumption is inversely associated with adiposity. However, in such populations, there is a limited range of dairy product intake while dietary intake and obesity share social patterning making evidence from non-western developed settings valuable in distinguishing whether the observed associations are biologically mediated or socially confounded. <h3>Methods</h3> We used multivariable linear regression to examine the adjusted association of the frequency of milk or other dairy product consumption at 11 years with clinically measured body mass index (BMI) z-scores at about 13 years, relative to the 2007 WHO growth reference in a large (n=8327), population-representative Chinese birth cohort, comprising 88% of all births in Hong Kong in April and May 1997. <h3>Results</h3> Of the original 8327 cohort members, 7933 are alive, participating and living in Hong Kong. At approximately 13 years, 7488 had clinically assessed BMI. Socio-economic position was positively associated with frequency of milk and other dairy product consumption. Neither milk nor other dairy product consumption was associated with BMI z-score (milk −0.02, 95% CI −0.06 to 0.03 and dairy products 0.03, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.07), adjusted for sex, mother9s birthplace, highest parental education, pubertal stage, physical activity and other food consumption. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In a non-western setting, milk and other dairy product consumption was not associated with adiposity, suggesting that any observed anti-obesigenic effects in western settings may be due to socially patterned confounding by socio-economic position.

Review question/objective The objective of this review is to analyse and synthesise the best available evidence on the experiences of Indigenous people who engage in health care encounters in Western settings and contexts. The review question is: What are the experiences of Indigenous people engaged in health care encounters in Western settings and contexts? Inclusion Criteria Types of Participants Studies including two groups of participants, regardless of age or gender, will be considered for this systematic review. The first group is persons of Indigenous descent from the following countries and continents appearing most frequently in the literature: North America, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and Scandinavian countries. These countries include peoples such as First Nations, Native Americans, Metis, Inuit, North American Indians, South American Indians, Inca, Maori, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia, and Sapmi. This list is not exhaustive, and any Indigenous population identified in a study will be included. Indigenous populations who immigrate to new countries will be excluded, given that immigrant status can confound Indigenous status. The second group of participants to be considered for inclusion is health care providers who work in Western settings and context, including, but not limited to, nurses, physicians, nutritionists, midwives, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, and respirologists. Phenomena of Interest The phenomenon of interest is the experience of Indigenous people in health care encounters in Western health care settings and context. Health care encounters refer to any interactions between an Indigenous person and a health care provider within the scope of Western health care services. All reasons for health encounters will be considered. Context The context will be Indigenous persons seeking health care services in Western settings and context. These services may be located within urban, rural, or remote health care settings where Western health care services are delivered.

Purpose Building on Lambert’s (2001) work on turnover intent in law enforcement, this study examines how organizational characteristics and job attitudes along with job satisfaction, and organizational commitment affect turnover intent among Taiwanese police officers.Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from the New Taipei City Police Department (NTCPD) in the summer of 2012 via stratified random sampling (N = 1,035). Structural equation modeling was employed to examine factors affecting turnover intent.Findings Job satisfaction and organizational commitment reduced the risk of turnover, while job stressors and training effectiveness directly increased the risk. Worthy of note, officers with a Central Police University degree and who were married had a lower risk of turnover.Originality/value This study applies Lambert’s (2001) turnover intent model in law enforcement agencies developed in the West to a non-western policing setting. The use of SEM assures the robustness of the findings. Some noteworthy contrasts in findings from Western and non-Western settings are presented.

Although the last decade of research on families has contributed enormously to our understanding of diversity in family structures and the relationship of family units to various other aspects of social life, it has, it seems to me, generally failed to identify and address sources of conflict within family life. Thus, the usefulness of this research for understanding women's situation has been particularly limited. The persistence and resilience of family forms in the midst of general social change, often forcefully documented in this research, have certainly helped to goad us, as feminists, to consider what women's interests may be in the mainte-

Teen homelessness confers risk for victimization experiences,and teens that identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) are at an even greater risk of experiencing victimization and homelessness. Using the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, we evaluated the association of experiencing homelessness with physical and sexual victimization and we examined whether LGBT identification moderated this relationship. We also evaluated if the odds of experiencing sexual and physical victimization differed depending on the reported sleeping location. Students who reported homelessness had increased odds of having experienced physical and sexual victimization. LGBT identity was related to increased risk for physical and sexual victimization; however, LGBT identity did not moderate the relationship between homelessness and victimization. Considering nighttime sleeping arrangement, students who reported having no usual place to stay had the highest odds of experiencing sexual or physical victimization, followed by car, park, campground, hotels/motels, emergency housing, and doubled-up with family or friends. Notably, all homeless sleeping locations were associated with increased odds of experiencing victimization relative to sleeping at a parent or guardian's home. Our findings confirm links between teen homelessness and sexual and physical victimization, as well as increased risk for victimization experienced by LGBT youth. Special considerations should be made when developing and implementing interventions for teens experiencing homelessness and teens who identify as LGBT.

Despite the substantive evidence on the victim-offender overlap from various national contexts, comprehensive examinations for Germany are lacking. This article provides insights into peer group-related correlates of the victim-offender overlap by specifically differentiating the roles of victims, offenders, and victim-offenders. The analysis examines risk factors for involvement in violence using a sample of 3,519 14- and 16-year-old students from a large crime study conducted in Germany. Applying multinomial logistic regression, the risk of being a victim-only, offender-only, or victim-offender is predicted by peer group characteristics such as frequency of meeting, group composition, delinquent norms, and routine activities with friends. The results show that proximity to friends and delinquent norms of peers significantly influence victimization, offending, and the victim-offender overlap. Regarding group composition, violent offending and being a victim-offender occurred more often in male-dominated mixed-gender friend groups, whereas victimization risk is not affected by group composition. Frequent alcohol consumption within the group is associated with victimization risk and the victim-offender overlap, whereas going out is associated with offending and the overlap. The findings underline that the peer context is not only of importance for explaining delinquency but also for unraveling victimization and the victim-offender overlap.

Understanding the relationship between violent victimization and gang membership

Research in Western countries has found that a company's workplace culture is significantly related to performance. This study uses Taiwanese manufacturing companies to examine the extent to which such a linkage also applies in non-Western settings. We find that an instrument used by a leading international consulting firm and others to measure corporate culture in Western settings also can distinguish between higher and lower performing Taiwanese manufacturing companies. This finding suggests that companies in non-Western settings also may benefit from monitoring their cultural configurations. Suggestions are offered on how managers can monitor and cultivate their companies' culture for attaining breakthrough performance.

Self-rated health and mortality in a prospective Chinese elderly cohort study in Hong Kong

In this guest editorial I argue for the need to resituate an understanding of risk perception within linguistic and methodological frameworks across different cultural settings. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in north-western Tanzania, I briefly explore the concept of risk as it has evolved in Western settings from post-Enlightenment scientific tradition. I question the underlying assumptions of Western scientific notions of risk and consider the concepts of risk and uncertainty as they relate to broader social discourses of modernity, tradition, development and social change within a postcolonial sub-Saharan Africa setting. Acknowledging but moving beyond the social framing of risk put forward by Mary Douglas and others including Deborah Lupton and Pat Caplan, and following Jens Zinn in proposing the need for a refined notion of risk, I argue that the influence of language and method is intrinsic to the ways we conceptualise and subjectivise risk. Drawing on research exploring the risk perceptions of actors engaged in health prevention in a non-Western setting in Tanzania – those of externally funded health interventions, government biomedical service providers and local, lay populations – I show how framing of what is considered a priority for health is culturally contingent. Further I suggest that this cultural contingency is reproduced in encounters with researchers, framing risk according to broader social circumstance and situated dynamically within the context of people’s everyday life experiences. This necessitates a process of refinement which is only likely to be achieved under certain conditions; if emic categories are taken into account, if the complexity and contingency of risk and its interpretation is acknowledged through language and if there is greater recognition and awareness of the direct impact of method on individual risk prioritisation and framing, moving towards a more ethnographic approach to go beyond superficial understandings and explore the tensions between what people say they do and what they actually do. These conditions for enhancing engagement with risk become more important given an increasingly influential globalisation; creating a dynamic social world in sub-Saharan Africa, in which risk priorities are constantly reassessed and management strategies renegotiated as individuals encounter novel and changing lifeworlds.

Research extensively explores how social media influences online political participation, yet there is limited focus on the cognitive factors that shape user interactions on these platforms. Moreover, most of this research centers around Western democracies, leaving a gap in understanding its applicability in more conservative, non-Western settings. This study builds upon the communication mediation model to enhance theoretical insights into social media’s role, particularly focusing on concerns about online privacy. By analyzing survey data from the United States (US), China, Singapore, Malaysia, and Vietnam, we find that the use of social media for news is positively associated with engaging in political discussions on social media (both heterogeneous/diverse and homogeneous/similar) and online political participation across all contexts. Nonetheless, except for Singapore, our observations indicate a negative relationship between privacy concerns and participation in all contexts. Further, moderated mediation analysis reveals that in Asian countries, the tendency of social media news to facilitate online political participation through political discussion is significantly reduced for those more concerned about online privacy. This pattern is consistent in the US for heterogeneous but not for homogenous discussions. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed, including the differential findings from the US.

By now, age and marital status are well-established correlates of criminal victimization, including adult women's sexual victimization. National crime statistics, as well as a large body of scholarly literature, have specified that younger women and unmarried women are at comparatively higher risk of sexual victimization than older women and married women. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between age, marital status, and risk of victimization across diverse situational contexts of sexual victimization. The current study used data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to examine whether the relationship between age, marital status, and risk of sexual victimization varied across victimization experiences involving three victim-offender relationships: stranger, acquaintance, and intimate partner. Results indicate both similarities and differences in the relationship between age, marital status, and risk of victimization across these three situational contexts of victimization. As expected, age was a significant predictor of victimization in all models; however, younger women's increased risk of victimization was far more pronounced for acquaintance and intimate partner victimization experiences as compared with stranger experiences. Also, consistent with prior research, unmarried women were at higher risk of victimization in all models; however, within unmarried status categories, separated women were at highest risk of both intimate partner and acquaintance victimization experiences as compared with never married or divorced women.