Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a globally prevalent non-communicable disease with significant mortality and morbidity. It is typically associated with diabetes and hypertension; however, over the last two decades, an emergence of CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) has claimed thousands of lives in several tropical agricultural communities. CKDu is associated with gradual loss of renal function without initial symptoms until reaching complete kidney failure and eventually death. The most impacted are young adult males of lower socio-economic strata. Since the disease progression can be successfully attenuated through early detection, the development of superior screening and management measures is of utmost importance. In contrast to the conventional biomarkers, novel biomarkers with improved sensitivity and specificity are being discussed as promising tools for early diagnosis of the disease. This review summarizes emerging novel biomarkers used in assessing CKD and discusses the current utility and diagnostic potential of such biomarkers for CKDu screening in clinical settings of different communities impacted by CKDu. Our goal is to provide a framework for practitioners in CKDu impacted regions to consider the use of these novel biomarkers through this synthesis. The increased use of these biomarkers will not only help to validate their diagnostic power further and establish potential prognostic value but may also provide critical insights into sites and mechanisms of renal damage.
Highlights
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease that carries a high morbidity and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease that carries a high morbidity and mortality and affects more than~10% of the global population
Novel biomarkers are beginning to be used in Mesoamerica, and here we describe some of these studies, novel biomarkers are beginning to be used in Mesoamerica, and here we describe some of emphasizing their use and diagnostic potential (Figure these studies, emphasizing their use and diagnostic potential (Figure 3)
The findings indicate that a minimum follow-up period of one year with measurements starting from baseline and at six-month intervals is necessary to differentiate between the progressive loss of estimated GFR (eGFR) and stable kidney function [66]
Summary
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease that carries a high morbidity and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease that carries a high morbidity and mortality and affects more than~10% of the global population. South Asian countries [5] (Figure 1) Both CKD and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) are characterized by a progressive decline in renal function. In most community studies, declined renal function in the absence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerular diseases is treated as CKDu or CKD of nontraditional causes. These clinical manifestations associated with CKDu were confirmed in a recent study with CKDu patients in.
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