Abstract
In this study, waste duck eggshells were processed into high grade CaOheterogenous catalyst for the esterification-transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) to obtain biodiesel. The production processes involved are calcination of duck eggshells into CaO, XRD and XRF analysis of CaO produced, PKO fatty acid components determination, transesterification of the esterified PKO and the formulation of a suitable model. High biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained at catalyst concentration of 9 wt./wt. %, reaction time of 2 hours and methanol/oil mole ratio of 13, using CaO catalyst (derived from duck eggshell). The good quality of biodiesel produced was ascertained by its properties that fall within ASTM specifications (kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm2/s, flash point of 195°C, density of 869kg/m3, water content of 0.045 v/v %).
Highlights
The adoption of renewable forms of energy has been adjudged as an alternative to fossil fuels, and a reliable approach to the attainment of sustainable energy across the globe
In this study, waste duck eggshells were processed into high grade CaOheterogenous catalyst for the esterification-transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) to obtain biodiesel
High biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained at catalyst concentration of 9 wt./wt. %, reaction time of 2 hours and methanol/oil mole ratio of 13, using CaO catalyst
Summary
The adoption of renewable forms of energy has been adjudged as an alternative to fossil fuels, and a reliable approach to the attainment of sustainable energy across the globe. According to[1,2],energysustainability can be defined as havingaccess to sufficient and reliable supplies of environmentally and socially acceptable forms of energy at reasonable prices without jeopardizing the energy needs of future generations. In addition to the acceptance of biodiesel as a renewable and sustainable form of energy, it is an eco-friendly source of energy with no sulphur emission and it can be used on diesel engine without any form of engine modification [3, 6]. Biodiesel,usually referred to as fatty acid methyl ester,can be obtained through transesterification process. This is a production process involvinga reversible reaction between the short chain alcohol (preferably methanol) and the triglycerides of vegetable oils, in the present of a suitable catalyst [7]
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