Abstract
The interaction between leguminous plants and rhizosphere microorganisms is essential because it can either enhance or inhibit the beneficial effects of individual species. Phages are one of the biotic factors with a negative impact on the beneficial bacteria in soil rhizosphere. In the current study, phage showed lytic activity against Bradyrhizobium sp. Vigna (tal16) with an icosahedral head at a 43.44 nm diameter and a long non–contractile tail, measuring 99.85 nm. This phage belongs to the Siphoviridae family, found in the Met El–Ez area of Dakalia Governorate in Egypt. The results revealed that the presence of phage in soil affected nodulation and growth parameters. Mycorrhizal inoculation aggravated the negative effects of this phage. Cowpea grown in soil containing phage VB_BrV_SD4 showed a reduction in the nodule number, nitrogenase activity, and total N of 40–50 %; however, mycorrhizal inoculation augmented this negative effect with a reduction percentage to 20–28 %. Mycorrhizal inoculation also improved total chlorophyll, carotenoids, legume amount, and the seed protein content.
Highlights
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important legume crop whose yield depends on the legumespecific strain of rhizobium that fixes N into ammonia, a crucial component in chlorophyll and protein synthesis (Singh et al, 2007)
This study investigated how Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could help Vigna unguiculata reduce the negative effects caused by rhizobiophage on nodulation and growth parameters
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the morphology of the selected phages
Summary
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important legume crop whose yield depends on the legumespecific strain of rhizobium that fixes N into ammonia, a crucial component in chlorophyll and protein synthesis (Singh et al, 2007). Mycorrhiza absorbs phosphorus (P) and uses it in energy metabolism, triggering N fixation by rhizobium (Whiting and Dilworth, 1974), nodule formation, and plant growth (Muleta, 2017). This dual colonization increases the growth and mycorrhizal inoculation rate as well as nodulation parameters, N2 fixation, and N2 and the P content in pea compared with nodulated legume plants only (Stancheva et al, 2006; Mugabo and Bhople, 2015). This study investigated how AMF could help Vigna unguiculata reduce the negative effects caused by rhizobiophage on nodulation and growth parameters
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