Abstract
Temporal mass variations within the Earth’s system can be detected on a regional/global scale using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite missions’ data, while GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data can be used to detect those variations on a local scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of national GNSS CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) networks for the determination of those temporal mass variations and for improving GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions. The area of Poland was chosen as a study area. Temporal variations of equivalent water thickness ΔEWT and vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface Δh were determined at the sites of the ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network of the European Position Determination System) CORS network using GRACE/GRACE-FO-based GGMs and GNSS data. Moreover, combined solutions of ΔEWT were developed by combining ΔEWT obtained from GNSS data with the corresponding ones determined from GRACE satellite mission data. Strong correlations (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.9) between detrended Δh determined from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite mission data and the corresponding ones from GNSS data were observed at 93% of the GNSS stations investigated. Furthermore, for the determination of temporal mass variations, GNSS data from CORS network stations provide valuable information complementary to GRACE satellite mission data.
Highlights
The determination of temporal mass variations in the Earth’s system with high accuracy as well as high spatial and temporal resolutions using space geodetic data is one of the main scientific problems in the Earth science-related disciplines
Except van Dam et al [9] that indicated poor correlation between the annual vertical crustal deformation from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GPS at 36 GPS sites over Europe, all those studies revealed very good agreement between the Earth’s surface deformations obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and the corresponding ones determined from GRACE data
The higher dispersion and standard deviation of peak-to-peak variations in ∆hm-GNSS may reveal that monthly vertical deformations obtained from GNSS data include the local deformation signal which cannot be detected from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite missions’ data
Summary
The determination of temporal mass variations in the Earth’s system with high accuracy as well as high spatial and temporal resolutions using space geodetic data is one of the main scientific problems in the Earth science-related disciplines. Vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface ∆hm-GRACE and monthly variations of equivalent water thickness ∆EWTm-GRACE were determined at the sites of the ASG-EUPOS CORS network using GRACE/GRACE-FO-based GGMs as follows [9,20,42,43]:
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