Abstract
Computational modeling has been increasingly applied to the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Where in early days computational models were used to better understand the biomechanical requirements of targeted tissues to be regenerated, recently, more and more models are formulated to combine such biomechanical requirements with cell fate predictions to aid in the design of functional three-dimensional scaffolds. In this review, we highlight how computational modeling has been used to understand the mechanisms behind tissue formation and can be used for more rational and biomimetic scaffold-based tissue regeneration strategies. With a particular focus on musculoskeletal tissues, we discuss recent models attempting to predict cell activity in relation to specific mechanical and physical stimuli that can be applied to them through porous three-dimensional scaffolds. In doing so, we review the most common scaffold fabrication methods, with a critical view on those technologies that offer better properties to be more easily combined with computational modeling. Finally, we discuss how modeling, and in particular finite element analysis, can be used to optimize the design of scaffolds for skeletal tissue regeneration.
Highlights
Mechanical signals play an important role in cell differentiation (Engler et al, 2006), tissue development (O’Reilly and Kelly, 2016), and tissue homeostasis (Horsnell and Baldock, 2016)
Another method of obtaining multiphasic scaffold design is through scaffolds with distinct gradients or porosities for cartilage and bone regeneration
Despite the lack of accurately reproducing experimental results, CAD-based models were used to investigate the influence of scaffold designs on cell differentiation and tissue formation
Summary
Mechanical signals play an important role in cell differentiation (Engler et al, 2006), tissue development (O’Reilly and Kelly, 2016), and tissue homeostasis (Horsnell and Baldock, 2016). This is especially the case for skeletal tissue where bone remodeling is governed by the loads that the tissue experiences. Mechanical stimulation can be used to enhance or control tissue development. Rationale Scaffold Design for Skeletal Regeneration the local mechanical environment, and additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds with a high level of architectural control, has enabled the use of smart and biomimetic scaffold design for skeletal tissue regeneration
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