Abstract
The potential of land-use planning to implement ecosystem services (ES) knowledge is mostly unfulfilled. Examining how ES concepts are currently applied can provide practical and theoretical insights for supporting their further integration. The purpose of our research was to establish the use of ES concepts in Canadian municipal planning policy. We conducted a content analysis of extant Canadian municipal plans to understand the language used to express ES concepts, which ES are addressed, and to what extent ES concepts are included in planning policies. We found that ES concepts are used to support and justify conventional planning approaches, introduced to deal with emerging challenges, and invoked to support urban place-making. We propose a framework for ES in plans anchored by three imperatives for planning: protect ES supply, mimic and rebuild ES, and capitalize on ES. Approaches for implementing ES in planning must incorporate understanding of the interacting, multiple contexts influencing the design and implementation of planning policies.
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