Abstract
The park and ride (P&R) parking type is usually located near peripheral public transport stops. These parking places are dedicated to people who, after leaving their vehicle in the parking, continue their journey to the city center using some form of public transport such as bus, metro, rail or tram systems. This article aims to examine the features associated with P&R parking locations in use in Cracow (Poland). The analysis included the number of entries and exits to and from parking during particular periods of the day, week and year, parking time of vehicles, and parking space use. A parking peak hour factor was also calculated, which expresses the crowding degree of vehicle entries/exits in/out parking during a particular period. In addition, the paper presents an analysis of factors determining users to P&R parking use. In the modeling process, logit models were used, which, as stated after analyzing the literature on the subject, were already used in various countries around the world to describe the behavior of P&R parking users. However, so far, such research relating to Polish conditions has been not published in the available literature. The obtained results allowed to state that the most important factors determining the likelihood of using P&R parking in Cracow are age, number of years having a driving license, monthly income (gross), and an average number of trips made during a day. Other variables, which not included in the study, can influence the P&R parking use. However, the presented results are the basis for conducting furtherer, more in-depth analyses based on a larger number of independent variables that may determine the P&R parking use.
Highlights
High traffic volumes in cities often lead to road congestion
The analyses presented in research works from various countries around the world were mainly based on data obtained from surveys conducted among Park and Ride (P&R) parking users and data from automatic systems used to operate P&R parking sites
The conclusions of this study indicate that users choose the P&R parking that allows them to minimize travel time and cost
Summary
High traffic volumes in cities often lead to road congestion. Dense buildings and other terrain restrictions often not allow further development of the street network [1,2]. These conditions lead to the search and implementation of solutions aimed at limiting the number of passenger cars entering the city center. They are designed to enable users to combine travel using their personal means of transport with means of public transport, contributing to reducing the number of passenger cars entering the city center (Figure 1). P&R parking contributes to improving transport accessibility to city centers. The ecological awareness of societies is constantly growing that strive to live in an unpolluted environment, free from communication noise
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