The United States and China in the Era of Global Transformations

The article draws attention to the fact that the phenomenon of marginality is the formation of one's own environment, although not completely dissolving into it. Traditional culture goes into the "basements" of society or manifests itself in the life and mentality of marginals. In a society affected by crisis, several cultural trajectories collide: descending, ascending and, for the marginalized, breaking traditional ties and creating their own, completely different world. In fact, marginality is the third culture, a special socio-cultural state. The article discusses its corresponding components. The prerequisites of global transformation are considered. The situation in Europe begins to change fundamentally at the turn of the I-II millennia. The formation of the era of European Transformation can begin with the XI-XIII centuries, when "Catholic" Europe appears. Phenomenal in its results was the "Renaissance of the XII century", the first truly pan-European Revival at the origins of the era of Transformation. With this, the movement towards a High Renaissance began. The Crusades (XI-XIII centuries) are particularly highlighted. After the Crusades, two variants of capitalism become promising and predominant in Europe and North America, and then their slow convergence continues. The XIII century became a milestone for contemporaries. On the one hand, Europe, it would seem, reached the end of history by creating some kind of optimal model. On the other hand, the reverse side of the idea of the "end of history" became clearly visible. The Mongols, having captured most of Eurasia, reformatted the ethno-political space. In this century, capitalist Europe is born, in fact, as a special development option. Highlighting the era of transformation does not mean that we should abandon the usual division of European history into known periods: antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern times. This periodization successfully emphasizes social and economic aspects and provides a chronological understanding of transitional processes. The era of Transformation is more voluminous, since we are talking about the transition from a centuries-old traditional society to a new stage of human development. Neither the Renaissance nor the Reformation created a new culture, the so-called bourgeois culture will have many faces, both international and national. The main thing is seen in the liberation of man from the former powerful civilizational model, Latin-Christian, i.e. Imperial-ecclesiastical, and ultimately - in the formation of a new type of man.

Illusions of Empire: The Civil War and Reconstruction in the US-Mexico Borderlands

Today, the development of economic systems is taking place in an era of transformations that lead to the formation of new economic models. Russia is no exception here. The main impetus for the transformation processes in our country’s economy was the anti-Russian sanctions directly related to political events from the United States, Canada, European and other countries. All this poses threats to Russia’s political, economic and social security. Therefore, in modern realities caused by sanctions pressure, the key strategic task of overcoming crisis phenomena and shocks is the formation of a new industrialization based on domestic innovations. It is important to assess the innovative potential of the regions in order to further develop management decisions. The authors proposed and tested a methodological approach to assessing the level of innovative development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The algorithm of this approach includes sampling official statistical data, determining localization coefficients, averaging and evaluating their dynamics. It was determined that in the period 2011-2022, less than a third of Russian regions improved their economic efficiency and innovation localization indicators. The leading regions of innovative development have a high level of localization of the studied characteristics. Regions characterized by low localization coefficients are traditionally lagging behind and have low indicators of economic, including innovative development. The problems of innovative development of regions under the influence of transformational processes are very multidimensional, therefore, in the limited space of this article, only an assessment of innovative development based on the author’s methodological approach is given.

[This is a comprehensive contribution to an ongoing discussion of East Asia and the Pacific in an era of transformation. Earlier contributions by Gavan McCormack and Wada Haruki (on Northeast Asia), by David Rosenberg (on China and Southeast Asia), and by Lora Saalman (on the changing Chinese- Indian-U.S. strategic relationship) all raise issues posed by the rise of China as a major economic power in Asia and globally, and the repercussions of changing power relations reverberating throughout Asia. Noting that China remains a distant third to the U.S. and Japan in trade and investment in East and Southeast Asia, Economy highlights China's rapid advance, above all in the realms of economics and finance, but also extending to a broad realms including governance, the resolution of territorial conflicts, the environment and others, with particular reference to Southeast Asia. At a time of rising China-Japan tensions, China appears to be making major multifaceted gains throughout Southeast Asia. This article also examines the possibilities of regional trajectories in which the U.S. role is sharply reduced. Japan Focus]

The election of Barack Obama as president of the United States in November 2008 lifted hopes around the world that the new administration would usher in a transformational era in American foreign policy. President Obama proved to be particularly popular in Europe, where both the elite and the masses held high hopes that the charismatic, centre-left president would erase the bitter legacy of the Bush years. The new administration engaged the transatlantic community early and often, looking to Europe as its preferred partner in addressing the most daunting foreign policy challenges. Due to a lack of leadership in Europe, sagging political will, and declining capabilities, this article queries whether Europe will respond constructively to Obama's substantive agenda for Transatlantica, which calls for a renewal of the transatlantic community as a means for addressing global threats and challenges.

The United States and Summit Reform in a Transformational Era

As secretary of state (1989–92) under George H. W. Bush, James A. Baker III served as the American chief diplomat during a transformative era in international history. Baker helped manage the end of the Cold War in Europe and played a leading role in ensuring that the United States would have a dominant position in the post‐Cold War world.

German historical jurisprudence and learned law took hold in the United States after the Civil War through the remainder of the nineteenth century. Chapter 5 describes the romanticism and nationalism that infused the historical school and differentiated it from natural law theory. The German version aspired to be both systematic as a science and historical for sources of law. James Carter, a leading American disciple of historical jurisprudence, used it to defeat David Field’s ambitious codification program in New York. The learned law aspect of German legal science found fertile ground at Harvard Law School in the 1870s, which transformed American legal education to firmly root its teaching and development at universities with a scientific casebook method of instruction in judicial source materials. Furthermore, significant comparative law libraries emerged during this time. Roman and civil law survived in this era of industrialization and social transformation. Roman law teaching was a substitute for academic comparative law, a bridge between the classical past and interest in universalism and unification of law in the twentieth century. Legal periodicals provided an outlet for comparative law information and scholarly essays and a few American jurists were aware of German sociological jurisprudence, which was a forerunner to legal realism. William Hammond, Oliver Wendell Holmes, William Howe, and Christopher Tiedeman afford examples. Finally, comparative law formed as a discipline, first in Europe, then with supporters in the United States, highlighted by the 1900 International Congress of Comparative Law.

The regulatory framework related to internet access is one of the criteria that influences a country’s level of digital competitiveness. Valuable lessons need to be learned from countries that have a better level of digital competitiveness than Indonesia. This article proposes a concept for regulating internet access rights in Indonesia in the era of digital transformation to increase Indonesia's digital competitiveness. Research methods used are analytic normatiques with a normative- based approach that USES secondary data sources of legislation, legal theories, principles of law and opinions by scholars. Research shows that there is a correlation between the framework's regulatory levels as a sub-grading factor with a country's final digital competitiveness rating so that a legal certainty can determine a country's digital competitiveness level. Indonesia has, to date, almost no certainty of the law. In contrast with countries in the United States, the European Union, and Malaysia, which already have clear, unequivocal legislation and regulation that govern Internet privileges.

Digital-based learning media offers a solution to overcome the limitations of laboratory practice and creates opportunities for more interactive, visual, and contextual learning experiences. Digital simulations in science education represent an innovative form of learning media in the era of technological transformation. However, students’ perceptions as users of learning media are closely linked to key indicators used to evaluate its effectiveness. This study aims to analyze students' perceptions of using digital simulation media in relation to learning interactivity, engagement, conceptual understanding, and satisfaction within the context of science education. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method. Data were collected through online questionnaires from 400 high school and university students in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States of America. The data were then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of AMOS software. The results indicated that all proposed hypotheses were statistically supported. Students’ perceptions of digital simulations had a significant positive effect on perceived learning interactivity (H1), learning engagement (H2), conceptual understanding (H3), and learning satisfaction (H4). Positive student perceptions of digital learning media were strongly associated with improvements in the quality of learning interactivity, conceptual understanding, and overall satisfaction. This study makes an important empirical contribution to the development of digital learning media based on student perceptions and provides a foundation for selecting digital-based learning tools that are more responsive, engaging, and effective in the future.

The rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence technology in various spheres of social activity confronts legal systems with the challenges of defining the protection of fundamental rights, liability for damage, and managing an acceptable level of risk to stimulate innovation. In the era of digital transformation, technology has become a new arena in which the interests of great powers are weighed and the contours of future global power are shaped. The regulation of artificial intelligence reflects the value, (geo)political, and (geo)economic priorities of prominent actors in this domain. The subject of the paper is a comparative analysis of the regulatory approaches of the European Union, the People’s Republic of China, and the United States of America. The paper employs a qualitative study of the content of relevant strategic and normative documents to interpret the fundamental principles that underpin the selected regulatory frameworks. The main differences between them are identified, which point to internal socio-economic priorities, but also similarities that reveal global ambitions. The focus is on institutional dynamics, legislation in force, and ethical guidelines to overcome general comparisons dominant in contemporary public discourse. It is necessary to critically examine the overly simplistic view that the European approach to artificial intelligence places the protection of fundamental rights at the center stage; the American approach is dominated by the private sector and market dynamics, with excessive commercialization; while the Chinese approach is characterized by strong state control and strategic planning, along with the development of controversial surveillance systems. The implications of the observed divergent interests for the future of the ethical application of ubiquitous artificial intelligence are discussed, as well as the possibilities for eventual reconciliation of differences in order to achieve international harmonization of rules. By analyzing the specificities, but also the contradictions, of AI governance in large jurisdictions, the authors offer a rounded judgment on the (in)compatibility of value-based regulation with the pragmatic need to achieve technological supremacy. This allows for a deeper understanding of the positioning of great powers and European states embodied in the supranational Union in the global technological architecture, as well as contributing to the discussion on contemporary social challenges brought about by the seemingly unstoppable development of advanced technologies.

This book provides a multifaceted and spatially oriented analysis of how China's re-emergence as a global power impacts the dominance of the United States as well as domestic state and non-state actors in various world-regions, including the Asia-Pacific, Africa, South America and the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe and the Arctic.

The United States and China in the Era of Global Transformations

Over the last two decades, China has emerged as one of the most powerful state actors in the post-Cold War international system. This book provides a multifaceted and spatially oriented analysis of how China’s re-emergence as a global power impacts the dominance of the US as well as domestic state and non-state actors in various world-regions, including the Asia-Pacific, Africa, South America and the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe, and the Arctic. Chapters reflect on how and under which conditions competition (and cooperation) between the US and China vary across these regions and what such variations mean for the prospects of war and peace, universal human dignity, and global cooperation.

The United States and China in the Era of Global Transformations