The unfolded protein response transducer IRE1α promotes reticulophagy in podocytes

Abstract

Glomerular diseases involving podocyte/glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury feature protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) mediates chaperone production and autophagy during ER stress. We examined the role of IRE1α in selective autophagy of the ER (reticulophagy). Control and IRE1α knockout (KO) GECs were incubated with tunicamycin to induce ER stress and subjected to proteomic analysis. This showed IRE1α-dependent upregulation of secretory pathway mediators, including the coat protein complex II component Sec23B. Tunicamycin enhanced expression of Sec23B and the reticulophagy adaptor reticulon-3-long (RTN3L) in control, but not IRE1α KO GECs. Knockdown of Sec23B reduced autophagosome formation in response to ER stress. Tunicamycin stimulated colocalization of autophagosomes with Sec23B and RTN3L in an IRE1α-dependent manner. Similarly, during ER stress, glomerular α5 collagen IV colocalized with RTN3L and autophagosomes. Degradation of RTN3L and collagen IV increased in response to tunicamycin, and the turnover was blocked by deletion of IRE1α; thus, the IRE1α pathway promotes RTN3L-mediated reticulophagy and collagen IV may be an IRE1α-dependent reticulophagy substrate. In experimental glomerulonephritis, expression of Sec23B, RTN3L, and LC3-II increased in glomeruli of control mice, but not in podocyte-specific IRE1α KO littermates. In conclusion, during ER stress, IRE1α redirects a subset of Sec23B-positive vesicles to deliver RTN3L-coated ER fragments to autophagosomes. Reticulophagy is a novel outcome of the IRE1α pathway in podocytes and may play a cytoprotective role in glomerular diseases.